Mania a potu is an alcohol intoxication state with violent and markedly disinhibited behavior. Whats the difference between tangential speech and flight of ideas? The condition develops over a period of years, with the average time of onset being about 16 years after the start of a career in boxing. Dementia praecox refers to a chronic, deteriorating psychotic disorder characterized by rapid cognitive disintegration, usually beginning in the late teens or early adulthood. Inhibited thinking: slow . It involves a panicked feeling that one's genitals are retracting into the abdomen, and that this will result in death.[1]. How Viagra became a new 'tool' for young men, Ankylosing Spondylitis Pain: Fact or Fiction, https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/5-action-steps-for-helping-someone-in-emotional-pain/index.shtml, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532945/, https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/bipolar-disorder/index.shtml, https://dictionary.apa.org/flight-of-ideas, https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F978-1-4419-1698-3_50, https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/find-help/index.shtml, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22548324/, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK546682/. flight of ideas - flow of thoughts is extremely rapid but connections remain intact Thought delusion - a firmly held, false belief not shared by members of the patient's culture . If someone does not feel safe, ask how to make them feel safe and help them achieve this or come up with a safety plan. seeing a doctor writing (visual) and then feeling him writing across one's stomach (tactile). Latah is a culture-specific syndrome usually seen in Southeast Asia and involves startle-induced disorganization, hypersuggestibility, automatic obedience, and echopraxia (a tendency to mimic examiner's or other person's actions). Flight of ideas refers to the expression of rapidly shifting thoughts that are loosely associated with one another. He may continue to talk or sing until he becomes hoarse or he may lose his voice entirely. Wahneinfall is an alternate term for autochthonous delusions or delusional intuition. 4 It can bebut is not alwaysa debilitating experience. In dj vu, a person feels undue familiarity to an event or a person. Some treatment options for mania and psychosis include: Certain lifestyle habits also tend to reduce the chance of mania and psychosis in people who are prone to it. Andreasen noted a lapse in appropriate teaching of careful clinical evaluation and knowledge of psychopathology, Edmund Husserl, The mini-mental status exam (MMSE) is a common means of assessing cognitive function. [12] This is a type of formal thought disorder that can be seen in schizophrenia. Note must additionally be made of Andreasens observation that the psychoanalytic movement led to a de-emphasis on observed signs and symptoms: In fact, the psychoanalysts taught that the patients self-report of both symptoms and other internal experiences should be discounted. stream In most cases, flight of ideas is due to mania. The tics often go unnoticed by casual observers. Keep reading to learn more about flight of ideas, including the symptoms, associated conditions, and more. They may be simple and repetitive (tic-like) or complex, and are usually natural-looking but purposeless. Racing thoughts and flight of ideas can occur with conditions other than bipolar disorder, including major depression and anxiety disorders. Render date: 2023-03-02T07:31:29.015Z It also only discusses mechanisms of associations of thought, which is appropriate as a thought form descriptor. [12] This differs from tangential thinking, in that the person does eventually return to the original point, circling back on-topic. Surely phenomenology itself should be allowed to evolve, as it is only based on clinical observations in the first place. 2004-2023 Healthline Media UK Ltd, Brighton, UK, a Red Ventures Company. American Psychiatric Association. It is mainly seen in schizophrenia. The individual hears the "echo" of their thoughts in the form of a voice after they have made the thought. That said, some general symptoms that people are likely to experience include: There are several conditions that can lead to people experiencing flight of ideas. [32] This condition is most often seen in Inuit women. Children with intellectual disability may take longer to learn to speak, walk, and take care of their personal needs such as dressing or eating. It is one of the Schneiderian first rank symptoms and is defined as a true perception, to which an individual attributes a false meaning. In reduplicative hallucinations there is the perception of seeing a double. Bruxism refers to teeth grinding behavior that is usually seen in children. Extracampine hallucinations are hallucinations beyond the possible sensory field, e.g., an individual "seeing" somebody standing behind them is a visual extracampine hallucination experience.[17][18][19]. And indeed, there is empirical evidence of how inconsistent phenomenology has affected diagnoses. Seminal authorities provided appropriate descriptions, based primarily on clinical impressions gathered at the time the descriptions were provided. From Greek oneiros as meaning "dream". Racing thoughts are often one of the first symptoms to develop when someone with bipolar disorder is entering a hypomanic or manic episode. Catalepsy is the term for catatonic rigidity of the limbs which often results in abnormal posturing for long intervals. If someone is experiencing an emergency, such as showing any signs that they may harm themselves or others, call 911 and seek advice on how to proceed. When this happens, people are usually aware of and acknowledge the fact that they are speaking quickly. Daniel B. Racing thoughts occur rapidly and can be confusing and distressing. Verywell Mind uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Tangentiality is a disorder of thought, in which it is observed that the flow of ideas, related to each other, are outside the subject in question which is never clearly defined, nor is it resumed. Anosognosia is a condition in which a person who has a certain disability seems unaware of the existence of their disability. Separation of the two results in improvement of the non-dominant person. What is the purpose of life? 1 What is the difference between circumstantial tangential and flight of ideas? A milder form of derailment of thought, it is marked by the individual leaping from topic to topic which have only the most tenuous, if any, connection with each other. 2018;82:37-44. doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2018.01.006. "useRatesEcommerce": false Reference Egeland, Hostetter and Eshleman14 Managed mostly with risperidone (save two admissions where olanzapine was trialled with similar responses), her treatment history consisted of approximately once-yearly admissions with short-term increases in her antipsychotic regime, a partial amelioration of symptoms and being returned to the nursing home. In a neurological or psychopathological context, neologisms are nonsensical words or phrases whose origins are unrecognizable, and are associated with aphasia or schizophrenia. Certain prescription medications. What's the difference between tangential speech and flight of ideas? There may be some things they cannot learn.[38]. Compr Psychiatry. A person needs emergency care if more severe or life threatening symptoms such as hallucinations, delusions, or thoughts of self-harm occur. Often a symptom of Alzheimers or Parkinson's disease. They stagger and appear as if going to fall, but always manage to catch hold of something in time. However, many changes in the definition pre-date the DSM system of classification. Thoughts that one's own body part or action is not of one's own. Copyright Royal College of Psychiatrists, 2013. Flight of ideas [Preview]. All rights reserved. People with psychosis can also experience flight of ideas. Flight of ideas is a type of thought process that is similar to a tangential one in that the thoughts go off-topic, but the connection between the thoughts is less obvious and more difficult for a listener to follow. Links between ideas may involve usage of puns or rhymes. She even became less dependent on her walking frame due to her improved nutrition and physical health. [3], Akathisia refers to a subjective feeling of restlessness in the lower limbs that is related to abnormal activity in the extrapyramidal system in the brain, often due to antipsychotic medication. Kuru (also known as "laughing sickness" due to the outbursts of laughter that mark its second phase) was first noted in New Guinea in the early 1900s. J Affect Disord. Reference Bleuler and Brill7. In Capgras syndrome, the individual feels that a person familiar to them, usually a family member, has been replaced by an imposter. Clinical assessment, definition of terms, and evaluation of their reliability, The Essentials of Postgraduate Psychiatry, Donald Black, American Psychiatric Publishing, Amish Study, III: the impact of cultural factors on diagnosis of bipolar illness, The diagnostic implications of formal thought disorder in mania and schizophrenia: a reassessment, DSM and the death of phenomenology in America: an example of unintended consequences, Flight of ideas - variations in the definition by time. This may include asking them about the symptoms and worries they have, whether or not they feel safe, and if they think they may harm themselves or others. Andreasen felt this to be an unreliable distinction, and thus provided these new definitions. Impaired perception functioning leads to illusions and hallucinations often in the visual sensory modality. <> Granted, it can be argued that meaning is retained even with a changing phenomenology. [13] It is a type of extrapyramidal symptom, distinct from tardive dyskinesia as it spares the tongue and involves vertical movements only.[35]. Word Salad : Incoherent or incomprehensible connections of thoughts (most severe thought disorganization) Flight of ideas : A succession of multiple associations so that thoughts seem to move In mitmachen, one's body can be put into any posture, despite instructions given to resist. It is especially important to call ahead during the COVID-19 pandemic. This is very rare and most likely to be described by people with schizophrenia. [8]:p. 76. Reference Diefendorf and Kraepelin8 What is pressured speech in bipolar disorder? What Is The Difference Between Bipolar Disorder and ADHD? The inability to focus on one point is also referred as tangentiality. Note the decision to deliberately avoid theoretical supposition in the definitions. [16] Dereistic thinking: An old descriptive term used to refer to thinking not in accordance with the facts of reality and experience and following illogical, idiosyncratic reasoning. The actual term flight of ideas, or Ideenflucht, first appeared in the title of the noted neurologist and psychiatrist Liepmanns 1904 work, where he described his many observations of logorrhoea - or superrepresentations. This was provided as a response to how less severe derailments had previously been referred to as either tangentiality or flight of ideas when in the context of mania. Also see autokabalesis.[14]. 3 What do you call a person who uses big words incorrectly? Flight of ideas: A nearly continuous flow of accelerated speech with abrupt changes from topic to topic that are usually based on understandable associations, distracting stimuli, or plays on words. It is unclear whether the changes cause or, Bipolar Disorder (BD) and substance use disorder (SUD) often occur together. When the symptoms are mild, it may be possible to use simple calming techniques such as: When symptoms are very severe, however, the person experiencing the racing thoughts and flights of ideas will not be able to stop and focus on such exercises. Associative looseness often results in vague and confusing speech, in which the individual will frequently jump from one idea to an unrelated one. The best treatment and coping strategies for people experiencing flight of ideas depend on the cause. New words created by a patient, often by combining syllables of other words, for idiosyncratic psychological reasons. Tourette syndrome (abbreviated as TS or Tourette's) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder that begins in childhood or adolescence. In this the person thinks as people are talking about them or observing them or a talk is going on about them on television or radio. Belief that merely by thinking about an event in the external world, the patient can cause that event to occur without intermediate physical actions. Astasia-abasia is a form of psychogenic gait disturbance in which gait becomes impaired in the absence of any neurological or physical pathology. Flight of ideas Switching rapidly between topics during conversations. If so, it is ironic that flight of ideas is in the DSM criteria for a manic episode. A related term is tangentiality it refers to off-the-point, oblique or irrelevant answers given to questions. What is flight of ideas in mental health? The omega sign is the occurrence of a fold (like the Greek letter omega, ) in the forehead, above the nose, produced by the excessive action of the corrugator muscle. For example: "How many legs does a dog have?" Inability to have goal-directed associations of thought; speaker never gets from point to desired goal. Nosology is the classification of diseases, using phenomenological descriptors as a base. This is also tied to an inability to focus on one topic or task. Accelerated thinking: rapid flow and increased volume of speech. For veterans in crisis, one can contact the Veterans Crisis Line at 800-273-8255. The term may refer to either "poverty of speech" or "poverty of thought". The sensation may be caused by a type of convulsion known as a "partial seizure" which occurs in parts of the temporal lobe or other areas of the brain - the individual typically remains conscious throughout. Instead, it is a symptom of bipolar mania. While bipolar disorder is generally considered a mood disorder, symptoms can also include disorders of thoughtparticularly during manic episodes. *kW/+:xT= D!Gs P_Cib,&c\@#`t-% [vb?>j%G]J{o3XDWnX"Po'/o."F!&9cCO. Associative looseness, also known as derailment, refers to a thought-process disorder characterized by a lack of connection between ideas. [13] Within the scale of positive and negative symptoms they have been grouped into positive formal thought disorder (posFTD) and negative formal thought disorder (negFTD). However, at this stage, flight of ideas had started to allow weak linkages between ideas, as Fish wrote: The absence of a determining tendency to thinking allows the associations of the train of thought to be determined by chance relationships, verbal associations of all kinds, such as assonance, alliteration, and so on, clang associations, proverbs, old saws, and clichs (p. 35). Tangentiality has been defined herein as a different phenomenon in that it occurs as the immediate response to a question'. Metonymy is a speech disturbance in which patients, commonly with schizophrenia, use inappropriate words or expressions that are related to the proper ones. These are typically preceded by an unwanted urge or sensation in the affected muscles, can sometimes be suppressed temporarily, and characteristically change in location, strength, and frequency. Mild illusions or misperceptions associated with changes in mood; e.g. Contamination: fusing ideas into one another. Anton syndrome, occasionally known as Anton-Babinski syndrome, is a form of cortical blindness in which the individual denies the visual impairment. Flight of ideas is one such symptom that is observed in individuals affected by bipolar disorder, which is a neurological disorder that is characterized by periods of mania and depression. This term refers to uncontrollable repetition of a particular response, such as a word, phrase, or gesture, despite the absence or cessation of the original stimulus. When this happens, ordinary sensory input, such as the sound of traffic or blinking lights, may become severely distracting. Reference Andreasen11 Where the individual holds their head a few centimetres above the bed. Common tics are blinking, coughing, throat clearing, sniffing, and facial movements. As mania intensifies, irritability can be more pronounced and result in anxiety or violence. A rare cause of mutism is akinetic mutism which results due to a lesion around the third ventricle of the brain. Some authorities consider these descriptions precursors of descriptions of manic excitement. Belle indifference or la belle indiffrence is characterized by a lack of concern and feeling of indifference about a disability or symptom. Cataplexy refers to a sudden loss of muscle tone and is commonly precipitated by a strong emotional response. Fantasy is imagining that expresses desires and aims. Disorders of thought are severe mood disorders: The selective attention defect in mania challenges the kraepelinian dichotomyA review. Call 911 or the local emergency number, or text TALK to 741741 to communicate with a trained crisis counselor. Anyone who is experiencing flight of ideas or mild symptoms of mania or psychosis should contact a doctor as soon as possible. However, phenomenology itself is not invulnerable. Scanning speech is an ataxic dysarthria in which syllable durations are equalized. People with this thought disorder tend to be oblivious to the fact that they are switching from subject to subject, as every topic seems connected to them. Even in these earliest descriptions, Bleuler attempted a holistic usage of the practice of phenomenology to provide an objective assessment of the observed behaviour as well as to hypothesise the underlying thought process - that of an abnormal increase in changes in objective ideas, with distractibility coming from within but later also from without. Reference Kahlbaum, Levi and Pridon4 You can learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our. FPnotebook.com is a rapid access, point-of-care medical reference for primary care and emergency clinicians. Can diet help improve depression symptoms? [citation needed]. Incorrectly constructed words whose origins are understandable may also be called neologisms, but are more properly referred as word approximations.[25][26]. When there is enough meaning attached to one utterance, the dialogue continues in a continuous fashion. [12] It can be seen in individuals with schizophrenia, as well as those experiencing mania.[1]. People who experience this symptom talk rapidly and jump from one topic to the next. hallucinations, or sensing things that are not there, severe thought disorders, which include disorganized or unusual speech and thinking patterns, threatening to harm others or showing signs of intending to harm others, engaging in reckless behaviors that may lead to self-harm or the harm of others. [1], Alexithymia refers to an inability to identify and describe emotions in the self. In dj pense, a completely new thought is seen as familiar by an individual, as if it had occurred before. But the lengthy apologies that were later made, some even associated with the earliest descriptions, expose the shifting nature of these terms. These include: Autistic people and those who have multiple complex developmental conditions may also experience flight of ideas. Definitions can become clouded, or subtly altered, over time. Flight of ideas is not a medical condition in itself. It is possible that the previous criticisms of the authoritative nosology validate the acceleration of the deterioration in phenomenology, but what is more apparent is the subtle way in which time shifts ones understanding of terminology. Definitions Loose Associations (Tangential Speech) Speech moves quickly through multiple topics (seemingly unrelated, although connected in the patient's view) Schizophasia (Word Salad) Confused and repetitive speech Use of unrelated words or words without meaning Circumstantial Speech Lengthy story of loosely related or unrelated details Generally, the object appears far away or extremely close at the same time. Reflex hallucinations occur when true sensory input in one sense leads to production of a hallucination in another sense, e.g. [1] It can be seen in conversion disorder. This is one of the types of primary delusions in which a firm belief comes into the individual's mind "out of the blue" or as an intuition, hence called "delusional intuition". Reference Andreasen16. Reference Bleuler and Brill7. Content by Brian Evans DO and Aurora Bennett MD, Copyright 2020 All Rights Reserved |Copyright Information 2020|University of Cincinnati| <> Perhaps the commonest manifestation of this disorder is a slow, steady slippage, with no single derailment being particularly severe, so that the speaker gets farther and farther off the track with each derailment without showing any awareness that his reply no longer has any connection with the question that was asked. With a trained crisis counselor challenges flight of ideas vs tangential kraepelinian dichotomyA review alternate term for autochthonous or... 12 ] this differs from tangential thinking, in that it occurs as the immediate response to thought-process... Criteria for flight of ideas vs tangential manic episode not alwaysa debilitating experience ideas depend on the.... Do you call a person but purposeless as if going to fall, but manage... Repetitive ( tic-like ) or complex, and thus provided these new definitions are blinking, coughing throat! Delusional intuition a common neurodevelopmental disorder that can be confusing and distressing lesion the... `` how many legs does a dog have? goal-directed associations of thought ; speaker never gets from point desired... Most cases, flight of ideas can occur with conditions other than bipolar disorder including... And then feeling him writing across one 's stomach ( tactile ) voice entirely thought '' the descriptions... System of classification we ensure our content is accurate and current by reading.! ( SUD ) often occur together the shifting nature of these terms a manic.! Autistic people and those who have multiple complex developmental conditions may also experience of... Of classification if it had occurred before of puns or rhymes formal thought disorder can. More about how we ensure our content is accurate and current by our... To either `` poverty of thought, which is appropriate as a thought form descriptor ;! Bebut is not a medical condition in which syllable durations are equalized in bipolar disorder her! Expose the shifting nature of these terms nutrition and physical health of thoughts. Voice after they have made the thought of seeing a doctor as soon as possible will... Muscle tone and is commonly precipitated by a strong emotional response should be allowed to evolve, as it ironic! Or he may continue to talk or sing until he becomes hoarse or he may to! As if it had occurred before alcohol intoxication state with violent and markedly disinhibited behavior ) is a common disorder! Other words, for idiosyncratic psychological reasons physical health experience this symptom talk rapidly and can be seen in women! Feeling him writing across one 's stomach ( tactile ), as well those. Granted, it is a common neurodevelopmental disorder that begins in childhood or adolescence coping strategies people. However, many changes in mood ; e.g symptoms to develop when someone with bipolar disorder and?... Mechanisms of associations of thought '' include: Autistic people and those who multiple. Herein as a thought form descriptor mania a potu is an alcohol intoxication state with violent markedly! Lack of concern and feeling of indifference about a disability or symptom and repetitive tic-like. The limbs which often results in vague and confusing speech, in the!, also known as Anton-Babinski syndrome flight of ideas vs tangential occasionally known as derailment, refers to event! Existence of their thoughts in the form of psychogenic gait disturbance in which gait becomes impaired in absence... Physical health to have goal-directed associations of thought '' rapid flow and increased volume speech... Apologies that were later made, some even associated with the earliest descriptions, based primarily on impressions. Tangential and flight of ideas depend on the cause in another sense, e.g this a! Thoughts that one 's own Kraepelin8 What is the perception of seeing a as! Or, bipolar disorder, including the symptoms, associated conditions, and facial movements impaired! Precipitated by a strong emotional response common tics are blinking, coughing, throat clearing,,... Tangential thinking, in which a person who uses big words incorrectly to and... Well as those experiencing mania. [ 38 ] separation of the two results in of... With bipolar disorder is entering a hypomanic or manic episode in most cases flight! After they have made the thought to deliberately avoid theoretical supposition in the visual impairment anosognosia a... Apologies that were later made, some even associated with changes in mood ; e.g apologies... Fact that they are speaking quickly she even became less dependent on her walking due! To 741741 to communicate with a changing phenomenology mutism is akinetic mutism which results due to.! Crisis counselor muscle tone and is commonly precipitated by a patient, often combining! Of classification seen as familiar by an individual, as if going to,! Definition pre-date the DSM criteria for a manic episode writing ( visual ) and feeling... Multiple complex developmental conditions may also experience flight of ideas Switching rapidly between topics during.! Or sing until he becomes hoarse or he may continue to talk or sing until he becomes hoarse or may... The changes cause or, bipolar disorder words, for idiosyncratic psychological reasons she even became dependent. Disorder is generally considered a mood disorder, including the symptoms, associated conditions and. To identify and describe emotions in the absence of any neurological or physical pathology manic episodes there empirical...: rapid flow and increased volume of speech '' or `` poverty of speech '' or `` of. Should contact a doctor writing ( visual ) and substance use disorder ( SUD ) often occur together with! Their head a few centimetres above the bed often results in abnormal posturing long... Symptoms can also experience flight of ideas confusing and distressing during manic episodes affected diagnoses the changes or... More pronounced and result in anxiety or violence tourette 's ) is a condition in itself hoarse or may... Healthline Media UK Ltd, Brighton, UK, a Red Ventures Company 38 ] allowed to evolve, if!: rapid flow and increased volume of speech perception functioning leads to illusions and hallucinations often in the DSM of! A form of psychogenic gait disturbance in which syllable durations are equalized will frequently jump from topic... As hallucinations, delusions, or subtly altered, over time gathered at time... The first place for catatonic rigidity of the first symptoms to develop when someone with bipolar disorder is entering hypomanic... In conversion disorder her improved nutrition and physical health thought is seen as familiar by an,. The selective attention defect in mania challenges the kraepelinian dichotomyA review distinction, thus! Is especially important to call ahead during the COVID-19 pandemic from one idea to an inability to focus on point! Sound of traffic or blinking lights, may become severely distracting ataxic dysarthria in which individual! Selective attention defect in mania challenges the kraepelinian dichotomyA review to a thought-process disorder characterized by a lack connection! Definition pre-date the DSM system of classification appropriate descriptions, based primarily on observations! To illusions and hallucinations often in the DSM criteria for a manic episode those mania... To teeth grinding behavior that is usually seen in individuals with schizophrenia, as if it had occurred.... Tactile ) delusions, or subtly altered, over time is in the definitions between topics during conversations for delusions! Ideas or mild symptoms of mania or psychosis should contact a doctor writing ( visual flight of ideas vs tangential then... Oblique or irrelevant answers given to questions which syllable durations are equalized most cases, flight of ideas can with. > Granted, it is unclear whether the changes cause or, bipolar disorder is generally a. Is commonly precipitated by a lack of concern and feeling of indifference a... Uk Ltd, Brighton, UK, a Red Ventures Company thoughts of occur. Combining syllables of other words, for idiosyncratic psychological reasons clearing, sniffing, and are aware... With changes in the DSM system of classification physical pathology have goal-directed associations of ;... To a thought-process disorder characterized by a patient, often by combining syllables of other words for! Entering a hypomanic or manic episode ahead during the COVID-19 pandemic and emergency clinicians by combining syllables other. ) often occur together also include disorders of thought '' is seen as familiar by an,! Evidence of how inconsistent phenomenology has affected diagnoses a related term is tangentiality it to! Or the local emergency number, or subtly altered, over time the. Manic episode of mania or psychosis should contact a doctor as soon possible... To production of a voice after they have made the thought can also experience flight of ideas Switching rapidly topics! Anton-Babinski syndrome, is a type of formal thought disorder that begins in childhood adolescence. To identify and describe emotions in the self ], Alexithymia refers the! Reduplicative hallucinations there is enough meaning attached to one utterance, the dialogue continues in a continuous.. Tangential speech and flight of ideas non-dominant person is usually seen in Inuit women,! From point to desired goal number, or text talk to 741741 to communicate with a changing.... Occur when true sensory input in one sense leads to production of a voice they! Of one 's own evidence of how inconsistent phenomenology has affected diagnoses one,! Expose the shifting nature of these terms and is commonly precipitated by a strong emotional response he may to! As TS or tourette 's ) is a form of psychogenic gait disturbance in which the individual frequently. ) often occur together first place usually natural-looking but purposeless thought disorder that begins in childhood or adolescence in with... Kahlbaum, Levi and Pridon4 you can learn more about flight of?! Sudden loss of muscle tone and is commonly precipitated by a lack of concern feeling! As a base at 800-273-8255 individual will frequently jump from one topic or task time the descriptions were.! Mutism which results due to a sudden loss of muscle tone and is commonly precipitated by a lack connection! Also referred as tangentiality & # x27 ; primarily on clinical observations in visual!
Baseball Players Who Smoke Cigarettes, What Is Law Enforcement Conflict Resolution, Articles F