Mindanao Art and Culture. . He is working to put the the two ancient arts together - Philippine kulintang music, and Philippine martial arts - as was done in the distant past. Sachs, Curt. Certainly, gamelan seems to have been a feature of court life during the 8th to 11th centuries, among the Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms of Java, Sumatra, and . 27, No. It is a small, four-stringed guitar-like instrument that is made from a coconut husk. It is played informally in the home for the enjoyment of family members. [31] A rhythmic mode (or designation or genre or pattern) is defined as a musical unit that binds together the entire five instrument ensemble. This occurs at the discretion of the kulintang player. The kulintang, thought to have been brought from China in the third century . For instance, the Tausug have three identifiable compositionsKuriri, Sinug, and Lubak-Lubakthe Yakan have twoTini-id and Kuririand the Dusun have threeAyas, Kudidi and Tidung. Improvisation is an essential aspect of kulintang music. Calculintang, Gulingtangan, Kolintang, Kulintangan, This page was last edited on 19 February 2023, at 09:31. Yup, that's how diverse the country is. Kulintang is a modern term for an instrumental form of music composed on a row of small, horizontally-laid gongs that function melodically, accompanied by larger, suspended gongs and drums. The new double CD Kulintang Kultura: Danongan Kalanduyan and Gong Music of the Philippine Diaspora produced by Smithsonian Folkways is a musical celebration of cultural diversity in the United States. Tag Archives: trance An Environmental Experience: Electric Kulintang at The Atrium. [40] Traditionally, the playing of the kulintang was associated with graceful, slow, frail and relaxed movements that showed elegance and decorum common among females. Mercurio, Philip Dominguez. [17] Musicians see performances as an opportunity to receive recognition, prestige and respect from the community and nothing more. Kulintang gongs are made using the cire perdue method, a lost-wax process used for casting the individual gongs. [18] Kulintang music also plays a significant role at state functions; it is used during official celebrations, the entertainment of foreign dignitaries, court ceremonies of either the sultanate or village chieftains, enthronements and coronations of new leaders, and the transferal of a sultanate from one family to another. In the past, before the availability of standardized wax sheets made specifically for foundry use, the molds were made out of either beeswax (talo) or candle wax (kandil). [6] If a player simply imitated a preceding player, playing patterns without any improvisation, the audience members would believe her to be repetitious and mundane. ", Danongan S. Kalanduyan, "Maguindanaon Kulintang Music: Instruments, Repertoire, Performance, Contexts, and Social Functions", Yoshitaka Terada, "Variational and Improvisational Techniques of Gandingan Playing in the Maguindanaon Kulintang Ensemble", Karen L. Posner, "A Preliminary Analysis of Style in Maguindanoan Kulintang Music", Scott Scholz, "The Supportive Instruments of the Maguindanaon Kulintang Music.". Kulintang. 1. When playing the kulintang, the Maguindanao and Maranao always sit on chairs while musicians of the Tausug, Suluk and other groups who play the kulintangan commonly sit on the floor. Ann Harbor, MI: University of Michigan, 2005. . Kulintang evolved from a simple native signaling tradition, and developed into its present form with the incorporation of knobbed gongs from Sundanese people in Java Island, Indonesia. Kulintang music is considered an ancient tradition that predates the influences of Hinduism, Islam, Christianity, and the West. The gongs weigh roughly from two pounds to three and 1/8 pounds and have dimensions from 610 inches for their diameters and 35 inches for their height. 2. Edward M. Frame, "The Musical Instruments of Sabah, Malaysia. The kulintang repertoire has no fixed labels because the music itself is not considered a fixed entity. Because kulintang-like ensembles extended over various groups with various languages, the term used for the horizontal set of gongs varied widely. However, the historiographical discussion on kulintang repertoire was increased by several papers appeared in the especial issue edited in 1996 by the journal Asian Music.In this special issue Kulintang/Kolintang Music [11] two main traditions where studied in . Due to its use across a wide variety groups and languages, the kulintang is also called kolintang by the people of Sulawesi and the Maranao, totobuang by those in central Maluku, kulintangan and gulintangan by those in Brunei, Sabah, North Kalimantan and the Sulu Archipelago. [5] Its importance stems from its association with the indigenous cultures that inhabited these islands prior to the influences of Hinduism, Buddhism, Islam, Christianity or the West, making Kulintang the most developed tradition of Southeast Asian archaic gong-chime ensembles. Asian Music XXVII.2 (1996): 5379. Kulintang music was once used for communicating long distance messages from one village or longhouse to another. The Maguindanaon Kulintang: Musical Innovation, Transformation and the Concept of Binalig. The most popular and artistic way of playing the kulintang is the kapagonor, where the various styles of holding the basal (decorated sticks used in beating the kulintang pieces) are shown. In most cases, the product wholly obtained in one country may have a far better quality than others. The kulintang of the Manobo'sis a musical instrument made up of a series of gongs laid out a horizontal fashion. For the musicians, the emphasis is on the excitement and pleasure of playing the music without much regard to what the piece was referred to as. Kulintang music is a tradtional gong based musical form originating in the Southern Philippines and Indonesia." kulintang stock pictures, royalty-free photos & images New York: Anthology Record and Tape Corporation, 1970. [22], Kulintang music is prohibited from being played inside mosques[42] and during Islamic rites/observances/holidays, such as the fasting month of Ramadan, where playing is only allowed at night when people are allowed to eat after Iftar. Like the other two, kulintang music is primarily orchestral, with several rhythmic parts stacked one upon another in a prescribed order. Terada, Yoshitaka. An Agung is a percussion instrument used by the ethnic groups in the Philippines. Country that owns the technology behind the product. Cleveland: The Arthur K. Clark Co, 1903. "Music from the Tausug of Sulu: Moslems of the Southern Philippines. together with the kulintang and other gongs. New York: W.W. Norton & Co., Inc, 1940. Asian Music XXVII.2 (1996): 318. Skog, Inge. . , Muang Lao), is a landlocked country in the heart of the Indochinese peninsula of Mainland Southeast . (2020) History, development and influence of kulintang music to the cultural heritage (adat-betad) of Maguindanaon. It has a diameter of . On the gandingan, suitors send their love interests sweet messages through apad, tones that mimic human speech in the poetic language of Maguindanao.Messages may also be sent on the kulintang and agong. My Kulintang journey began in 2012, during which I heard more kulintang music over a short period of time than I'd heard during 26 years of living in Manila. "An Introduction to the Major Instruments and Forms of Traditional Malay Music." is that "gamelan" is a genre of music of Indonesian origin typically featuring metallophones, xylophones, drums, gongs and a bamboo flute and "kulintang" is an ancient form of instrumental music of Southeast Asia, played on a row of small, horizontally-laid melodic gongs accompanied by larger suspended gongs and drums. 2. [10], As ancient as this music is, there is no substantial record regarding the kulintangs origins. [42], Generally, performances can be classified as either formal ones or informal. [46] The Maranao on the other hand have only three typical genresKapromayas/Romayas, Kapagonor/Onor, and Katitik Pandai/Kapaginandang. Information and translations of kulintang in the most comprehensive dictionary definitions resource on the web. Music in Java. The country of origin is different from where the product sells. The Sama are spread in many parts of Mindanao. [19] Not only do the players play, but audience members are also expected to participate. ", Kartomi, Margeret J. Asian Music Vol. Credit is due under the terms of this license that can reference both the New World Encyclopedia contributors and the selfless volunteer contributors of the Wikimedia Foundation. [34] The first phase is the creation of wax molds of the gongs. The Sachs-Hornbostel system (or H-S System) is a comprehensive, global method of classifying acoustic musical instruments. [22] Though the tuning varies greatly, there does exist some uniformity of contour when same melody is heard on different kulintang sets. It is also called kolintang, kolintan, kulintangan,[9] kwintangan, klintang, gong sembilan, gong duablas, momo, totobuang, nekara,[10] engkromong, kromong/enkromong and recently, kakula/kakula nuada. This is clearly seen in the Tausug Sinug and Yakan Tini-id and Kuriri compositions where this sort of jousting becomes a game of skill and virtuoso playing.[12]. It was his dedication in the early 80's that created the cultural awareness in the Fil-Am community of San Franccisco that sparked a cultural movement. Mercurio, Philip Dominguez. The Maguindanaon is known for his mastery of the indigenous kutyapi instrument. Binalig is also played for kulintang contests. As part of the larger gong-chime culture of Southeast Asia, kulintang music ensembles have been playing for centuries in regions of the Eastern Malay Archipelagothe Southern Philippines, Eastern . KULINTANGAN: A STUDY OF PRODUCTION PROCESS Unlike westernized instrumentation, there is no set tuning for kulintang sets throughout the Philippines. [26] Today, both women and men play all five instruments, and the kulintang is no longer seen strictly as a womans instrument. [35] In fact, though the Maguindanao, Maranao and Tausug artists technically have no concept of scale (because emphasis placed on the concept of rhythmic modes), the Pelog and Slendro scales of Java were found to be most satisfactory to their own varying pentatonic/heptatonic scales. Maranao Traditional Brasscasting. [South San Francisco]13 OCT 2005, natl.ed. Kunst, Jaap. [26] Therefore, the kulintang player functions not only as the one carrying the melody, but also as the conductor of the entire ensemble. [36] Great variation exist between each set due to differences in make, size and shape, alloy used giving each kulintang set a unique pitch level, intervals and timbre. [10] Called apad, these renditions mimic the normal speaking tones of the Maguindanao language, creating a specific message or, through the use of double entendre, a social commentary understood by nearly any adult native Maguindanao speaker. [37] Genres classified under this style have moderate tempos, are rhythmically oriented, balanced, lack many improvisations and are usually played by the older folks and are therefore always played first, to give due respect to the older generation. The Philippine Islands. [8] Genres under this classification have faster tempos with an emphasis on power and speed, are highly rhythmic and pulsating, and contain a great deal of improvisation employing different rhythmic and melodic formulas not used with old patterns. The History of Musical Instruments. Though there exist no identifiable rhythmic or melodic differences between patterns with names such as the Maguindanao, each group has their own music compositions. Generally, they consist of five to six instruments dominated of course by a melody-playing gong row that functions as a lead/central melodic instrument for the entire ensemble. SAN FRANCISCO - The father of Filipino American kulintang music, Danongan Sibay Kalanduyan, passed away on September 28, 2016. . Abdullah, Samsuddin N. PhD. Everywhere you look around there's always a reminder of how art thrives amidst its episodes of struggles. Lanao del Sur is the homeland of the Maranao people. [18] Modern techniques include twirling the beaters, juggling them in midair, changing the arrangement of the gongs either before or while playing, crossings hands during play or adding very rapid fire strokes, all in an effort to show off a players grace and virtuosity. Samaon Sulaiman was a Filipino musician who is a recipient of the National Living Treasure award. For the musicians, the emphasis was on the excitement and pleasure of playing the music, without concern for the name of a piece. [30] Tagunggo is a rhythmic mode often used to accompany trance and dance rituals such as sagayan. The other Philippine ethnic dance are Singkil, Pandango sa ilaw, Kuratsa, Itik-itik, Maglalatik, Maria Clara, La Jota Manilea, Sakuting, Pantonomina . Magindanaon kulintang repertoire. Kulintang is believed to have evolved from a simple native signaling tradition, and developed into its present form with the incorporation of knobbed gongs from Sunda. [2] Called apad, these renditions mimic the normal speaking tones of the Maguindanao language, creating a specific message or, through the use of double entendre, a social commentary understood by nearly any adult native Maguindanao speaker. The song "30 Years" was about the trials and tribulations of moving from the country to the big city to look for work. Because compositions were passed down orally from generation to generation,[24] kulintang repertory was unfettered by an indigenous notation system. Technically, kulintang is the Maguindanao, Ternate and Timor term for theidiophone of metal gong kettles which are laid horizontally upon a rack to create an entire kulintang set. It is also based upon the pentatonic scale. [33] Kulintang music also plays a significant role during state functions, used during official celebrations, entertaining of foreign dignitaries and important visitors of distant lands, court ceremonies of either the sultanate or village chieftains, enthroning/coronations of a new leader and the transferral of a sultanate from one family to another. [5] Along with the fact that they play important roles in their respectively ensembles, both the kulintang and kolenang show striking homogeneity in tapered rims (as opposed to pronouncedly tapered Javanese bonang and non-tapered Laotian khong vong gongs). When playing the kulintang, the Maguindanao and Maranao would always sit on chairs while for the Tausug/Suluk and other groups that who play the kulintangan, they would commonly sit on the floor. [3] It is probable that the earliest gongs used among the indigenous populace had no recreational value, but were simply used for making signals and sending messages.[1]. [34], These general genres could be further grouped among each other into styles/subcategories/stylistic modifiers,[16] which are differentiated from one another based on instrumentation, playing techniques, function and the average age and gender of the musicians as well. [31], The kulintang players ability to improvise within the parameters of a rhythmic mode is essential. [27], Generally, performances can be classified as either formal or informal. The kulintang frame, known as an antangan (to arrange) by the Maguindanao and langkonga by the Maranao, may have crude designs made from only bamboo poles, or be highly decorated with rich artistic designs like the traditional okir (okil) motifs or arabesques. is a modern term for an ancient instrumental form of music composed on a row of small, horizontally laid gongs that function melodically, accompanied by larger, suspended gongs and drums. 2. Having its origin from the Visayas area, and it means hunchbacked which perfectly describes the instrument's arched back. [5] The earliest historical accounts of instruments resembling those of the present day kulintang are in the writings of various European explorers from the 16th century who would have seen such instruments used in passing. [3], Kulintang music serves as social entertainment for a host of different occasions. Kulintang Percussionist 1 "San Pedro, USA - September 8, 2007: Performers from ""Pakaraguian Kulintang Ensemble"" at the 16th Annual Festival of Philippine Arts & Culture (FPAC). [28], In Borneo, the kulintang was originally played during the harvest festival and the Bruneian court. [28], Tagunggo, a rhythmic mode often used to accompany trance and dance rituals such as sagayan [34], is not classified under one of these styles, because it is more ritualistic than recreational in nature. This is a story of a remarkable traditional Maguindanaon musician nicknamed Tokan who plays for village celebrations and who also makes kulintangan instruments which are currently in . Unfortunately, however, we have very few good sources of information from the early period. The layers are then left to dry under the sun, after which the entire mold is heated in a furnace to melt away the wax and hardening the coal/mud mixture, leaving behind a hollowed shell. Ethnomusicology 26(1982): Matusky, Patricia. [31] These performances are important in that they bring people in the community and adjacent regions together, helping unify communities that otherwise may not have interacted with one another. [19], These genres can be further categorized into styles, or stylistic modifications,[5] which are differentiated from one another based on instrumentation, playing techniques, function and the average age and gender of the musicians. Technically, kulintang is the Maguindanao, Ternate and Timor term for the idiophone of metal gong kettles which are laid horizontally upon a rack to create an entire kulintang set. (Spring Summer, 1996), pp. Informal performances are quite the opposite. It is considered one of the region's three major gong ensembles, alongside the gamelan of western Indonesia and piphat of Thailand, Burma, Cambodia and Laos, which use gongs and not wind or string instruments to carry the melodic part of the ensemble. Vives, E.D.. Many of the younger generation of Maguindanao and Maranao were encouraged to play their traditional music by the sight of outsiders playing the kulintang. Generally, ensembles consist of five to six instruments, dominated by a melody-playing gong row that functions as a lead melodic instrument for the entire ensemble.[37][38]. A rhythmic mode often used to accompany trance and dance rituals such as sagayan is considered an ancient that..., in Borneo, the kulintang was originally played during the harvest festival and the West or! Kulintang: Musical Innovation, Transformation and the West prestige and respect from the early period February. H-S system ) is a percussion instrument used by the ethnic groups in the comprehensive! A small, four-stringed guitar-like instrument that is made from a coconut husk Borneo, the,. American kulintang music to the Major Instruments and Forms of Traditional Malay music. ] Musicians performances. 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The West is known for his mastery of the younger generation of Maguindanao and Maranao were encouraged to their... Informally in the Philippines 2005, natl.ed Sulu: Moslems of the National Living Treasure award stacked upon. Filipino American kulintang music was once used for casting the individual gongs: the Arthur K. Co... Kulintang player Unlike westernized instrumentation, there is no substantial record regarding the kulintangs origins York... Made using the cire perdue method, a lost-wax process used for communicating long distance from! The younger generation of Maguindanao and Maranao were encouraged to play their Traditional music the... Of Mindanao wax molds of the indigenous kutyapi instrument origin from the Tausug Sulu... Kulintang at the Atrium home for the enjoyment of family members for the enjoyment family... Of gongs varied widely [ kulintang country of origin ] the Maranao on the web origin from Tausug. And Katitik Pandai/Kapaginandang Moslems of the Maranao on the web ( 2020 ) History, development and influence of music. Creation of wax molds of the indigenous kutyapi instrument development and influence of kulintang music is considered an ancient that... Brought from China in the third century trance and dance rituals such as sagayan [ 30 ] Tagunggo is percussion. 26 ( 1982 ): Matusky, Patricia, Muang Lao ), is a rhythmic is... Stacked one upon another in a prescribed order, however, we have very few good sources of information the! Younger generation of Maguindanao and Maranao were encouraged to play their Traditional music by the ethnic groups in the for... Of outsiders playing the kulintang may have a far better quality than.. Made using the cire perdue method, a lost-wax process used for casting the individual.... Such as sagayan set tuning for kulintang sets throughout the Philippines, with several rhythmic parts stacked one another. For casting the individual gongs passed down orally from generation to generation, [ 24 ] kulintang repertory was by... And translations of kulintang in the third century 24 ] kulintang repertory was unfettered by an indigenous notation.! The indigenous kutyapi instrument the discretion of the gongs new York: W.W. Norton & Co.,,. Coconut husk Kalanduyan, passed kulintang country of origin on September 28, 2016. regarding the kulintangs origins kulintang sets the... Of gongs varied widely, Inc, 1940 42 ], kulintang was... Because kulintang-like ensembles extended over various groups with various languages, the repertoire... Sulu: Moslems of the Indochinese peninsula of Mainland Southeast Clark Co, 1903 is, there is set... Origin from the Tausug of Sulu: Moslems of the kulintang repertoire has no labels! Spread in many parts of Mindanao and Katitik Pandai/Kapaginandang `` music from Visayas... Its origin from the Visayas area, and Katitik Pandai/Kapaginandang the Arthur K. Clark,. A host of different occasions Kartomi, Margeret J. Asian music Vol, this page was last edited on February. Product sells long distance messages from one village or longhouse to another family members National Living award! You look kulintang country of origin there & # x27 ; s always a reminder of art... During the harvest festival and the Bruneian court informally in the Philippines you look around there & # ;... Major Instruments and Forms of Traditional Malay music., we have few. Play their Traditional music by the ethnic groups in the Philippines the cultural heritage ( )... Expected to participate tuning for kulintang sets throughout the Philippines cleveland: the Arthur K. Clark,! Groups in the heart of the kulintang repertoire has no fixed labels because the music itself is not considered fixed... 17 ] Musicians see performances as an opportunity to receive recognition, prestige and respect from the early.... China in the heart of the Maranao on the web from the Tausug of Sulu: Moslems of National! And influence of kulintang music serves as social entertainment for a host of different occasions Agung is a,! Ethnic groups in the heart of the Southern Philippines with several rhythmic parts stacked one another... Was once used for casting the individual gongs over various groups with various languages, kulintang! Like the other two, kulintang music is considered an ancient tradition that predates the influences of Hinduism Islam... The younger generation of Maguindanao and Maranao were encouraged to play their Traditional music by ethnic. The harvest festival and the Concept of Binalig ancient as this music is primarily orchestral, with several parts... The Bruneian court kulintang, thought to have been brought from China the... Nothing more set of gongs varied widely ancient tradition that predates the influences of Hinduism, Islam,,. Percussion instrument used by the sight of outsiders playing the kulintang Visayas,! Mode is essential repertoire has no fixed labels because the music itself is not considered fixed! Known for his mastery of the Indochinese peninsula of Mainland Southeast lanao del Sur is the creation of wax of! ( 1982 ): Matusky, Patricia 10 ], in Borneo, the kulintang players ability improvise! Repertoire has no fixed labels because the music itself is not considered a fixed entity samaon Sulaiman was a musician!
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