In Islam, Shafaah is the act of pleading to God by an intimate friend of God for forgiveness and miraculous healing. However, Iranians generally do not try to talk themselves up to defend their honour. 5 Howick Place | London | SW1P 1WG. This coping method means that people trust themselves as human beings more than they trust a sacred object God. According to some researchers (Phillips, Pargament, Lynn, & Crossley, Citation2004, p. 410), there are several reasons people rely on themselves rather than God: They believe that God has indeed provided individuals with the ability and freedom to engage in the problem-solving process. It seems that the value of food for Iranians is more than providing energy and relieving hunger. First, following the process recommended by the World Health Organization (Citation2017), the original interview questions were translated into Persian by a psychology researcher whose mother tongue is Persian. Deborah A. Boyle, RN, MSN. Inscriptions from the Achaemenid Persian Empire (c. 550-330 BCE) reference the kings' religious beliefs - which may have been the early polytheistic faith or the later Zoroastrian monotheism - and religion continued to play a central role in the later Parthian Empire (247 BCE-224 CE) and, to a much greater degree, in the Sassanian Empire (224-651 CE) which made Zoroastrianism the state . Family culture influences the way each family member thinks, feels, and acts on a daily basis. Awareness can translate to an enhanced understanding of the complexity of mental-health problems in a culture that holds rigid attitudes about mental health and illness. We found two patterns. Iranian culture remains relatively class conscious. It is also considered quite prestigious to be able to trace ones heritage back for centuries. Culture is one of the most important factors affecting the development of motherhood in Iran. In this article, we proceed from the perspective advocated by Ahmadi and Ahmadi (Citation2018). As Ahmad, explains: Besides, the religious consciousness of Islam is not concentrated on a historical fact, but rather on a meta-historical, or better, trans-historical fact of the primordial covenant (mithaq) between man and God as understood from the Sura 7:172 in the Quran. Iran recognises Zoroastrian, Jewish, and Christian religious minorities, among others. Iran is the 17th largest country in the world. While it borders seven different countries, the Iranian people do not seem to affiliate themselves with the Arab world; nor do they share much commonality with those in South/Central Asia. By establishing a relationship with another entity than her-/himself, the patient tries to gain comfort and control. period allows for non-family members to visit and offer their condolences. Im not in charge, but only God. As an example, the idea of Schildkrout can be taken who notes that the tradition to decorate the body in various ways has a global trend, and this practice has been adopted for many centuries (79 . Being struck by a serious illness like cancer can result in the loss of confidence and security in life. perceived barriers to health. Different. Religious association also has powerful leverage in society. Family Solidarity - Intergenerational solidarity refers to the degree of closeness and support between different generations. In addition to family values and habits, some external factors can have a significant impact on people's cultural preferences. The interviews occurred in a private room at the Behnam Daheshpour Charity Organization; there were no interruptions. One 60-year-old woman explained this: I am very close to God and talk to Him a lot. Nahals silence about her mental illness also relates to a worry that shell be forced to resume antidepressant medication, which she took prior to pregnancy. Several researchers (Ahmadi & Ahmadi, Citation2018; DeMarinis, Citation2014; Lloyd, Citation2018) have investigated this relation from divergent perspectives. Culture, a shared set of traditions, belief systems, and behaviors, is shaped by history, religion, ethnic identity, language, and nationality, among other factors. Despite the firmly entrenched reach of the Islamic Republic, Iranians generally discuss politics with vigour. I did Nazr without understanding why. Breuer developed what he referred to as a cathartic treatment for hysteria. An orienting system is formed by the culture and affects the individuals life. According to Majlesi (Citation1982) (a very important religious figure in Iran) (p. 209), the reward (savab) of pilgrimage of Imam Rezas tomb in Mashhad (Iran) is equal to one thousand hajes- pilgrim to Macca. Background Spirituality plays an important role during old age, but reveals itself as a confounding mental health concept, which needs to be defined when providing spiritual care. People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read. Across most households, elders are deeply respected and cared for. Iranians can be a superstitious bunch, especially when it comes to being jinxed. Culture, a socially transmitted system of shared knowledge, beliefs and/or practices that varies across groups, and individuals within those groups, has been a critical mode of adaptation throughout the history of our species [].Socioeconomic status, gender, religion and moral values all play into how . Most Christians are Armenian in origin (Statistical Center of Iran, Citation2018). It is uncommon for people to overtly express themselves or publicly identify with unconventional subcultures or hobbies. The first one is conversation with God and saints. Their problems have resulted in an existential void, and this void requires that they elaborate the old order to form a new order that could help them fill the void. Table 1 shows the demographic characteristics of the informants. I didnt sit on the bed and pray God save me, God, make me well, God, why dont you make me well?I was convinced I should take ten steps to answer one step in response, therefore I said to myself that I should rely on myself and only myself in this world. Mixing of males and females only really occurs within families or closely knit circles of friends. The individual derives a social network and assistance in times of need from the family. Illness is our fault; it is due to our bad habits and way of life. The interview guide was primarily based on the questions used in the Swedish study (Ahmadi, Citation2015); however, some cultural considerations were applied during production of the final protocol. The interesting point is that some interviewees, who do not identify themselves as religious, have also told us they have used these practices. According to experts, conceptualized susceptibility can accurately be compared to one's own risk of an illness or health issue developing later in life. Role of Mother: Traditionally, Hmong mothers nurture and take care of the children. We recognise that personal beliefs and cultural practices are central to the lives of doctors and patients, and that all doctors have personal values that affect their day-to-day practice. The Five Key Religious Functions that constitute the basis of RCOPE were used to categorise these methods. Families tend to be small, only 1 or 2 children, but the extended family is quite close. However, many Iranians refer to this as the surface culture in which people act as their zaaher (visible) identity. For those who find themselves in a life crisis, such as a serious illness like cancer, ziyarat is a safe shortcut to reaching God and obtaining His blessing and help. Elderly relatives are kept at home, not placed in a nursing home. The results of the Pearson's correlation coefficient test indicated that there was no significant relationship between professional values and age (r = 0.03, p = 0.47), while there was a significant relationship between professional values and the GPA (r = 0.29, p = 0.003).This revealed that the students with higher GPA had higher scores in professional values. The term existential coping is employed because these methods involve individuals efforts to discover an inwardly source in nature, themselves or others that can assist them in coping with their problems. As Corbin (Citation1964/Citation1993, p. 4) mentions, in Islam there is no clergy which possesses the means of grace. Islam has neither a dogmatic magisterium, nor a council which has the task of defining dogma. In the first pattern, religious actions are rooted in religious beliefs. To avoid it (or in case they feel as though they've already been jinxed), they will burn espand, wild rue seeds, until they pop and wave the smoke over the heads of their loved ones. Montazeri et al. The concept of imamat is important to the Shiites.Footnote5 They believe that, without imamat, the faith of Muslims is not complete. Cultural beliefs affect health and wellness through the information that it provides for its people. Relation of existential meaning-making domains. Ultimately, the interview questions were modified to ensure that they were culturally adapted to an Iranian-Islamic context. The modernization processes that took place in the 20th century, until the Islamic revolution, changed the situation with the modern and educated classes. The perceived role of God in illness and recovery is a primary influence upon the health care beliefs and behaviors of American Muslims, a first-of-its-kind study has discovered. DEFINITION AND BACKGROUND. Self-directing religious coping: A deistic god, abandoning god, or no god at all? While this is statistically unlikely to happen, it is a consideration that affects behaviour. It is in the remembrance of Allh alone that the hearts really find peace.Footnote3 Holy places may play the role of a safe haven in which one can experience peace and safety a place to freely discharge negative affects and emotions; this may be similar to the idea of catharsis. With a population of 80 million (2017), Iran is one of the most populous countries in West Asia. The person may also believe that he/she must cope alone because God has abandoned him/her, or finally. We pay our respects to all Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander custodians past, present and emerging. A catharsis is an emotional release linked to the urgent need to resolve unconscious conflicts through means other than directly venting the feelings associated with these conflicts.Footnote4. Many bans limit their involvement in the public sphere, tighten their moral code of dress and deny them freedom of expression. Semi-structured qualitative interviews were employed to identify the meaning-making coping methods used by cancer patients in Iran. It is a common belief that these actions are good actions that satisfy God and pursue Him to help them. In fact, there are just as many ways of being Iranian and religious, as there are Iranians. When healthcare professionals encounter a more acculturated Hmong family in the U.S., they will likely see more balance of power between mother and father. 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