). ha-1) with Bio-enhancer 400 mL ha-1 resulted in similar number of P. minor weeds at harvest to that of full dose (175 g a.i. 2006;51(2):139-41.) Biu Inst Hod Aklimat Ros. In all intervals of herbicidal applications, isoproturon at 175 g a.i. Results regarding the effect of isoproturon with and without adjuvants on number of productive and non-productive tillers of wheat are described in Table 1. ha-1 with both adjuvants each at 400mL ha-1, isoproturon at 175 g a.i. However, similar biological yield was recorded with isoproturon at 140 g a.i. ha-1 and isoproturon at 105 g a.i. Check out using a credit card or bank account with. ha-1 + Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1. ha-1 + Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1. Herbicide adjuvants. Acta Sci Polon Agric. Performance of different herbicides in wheat under irrigated conditions of southern Punjab, Pakistan. J Exp Bot. Isoproturon dose at 175 g a.i. p.99-116. ha-1 + Ad-500 at 400 mL ha-1 after 17 days of herbicide application. option. Chhokar R, Singh S, Sharma R. Herbicides for control of isoproturon-resistant Littleseed Canarygrass (. Isoproturon at 105 g a.i. Effect of herbicides and wheat population on control of weeds in wheat. ha-1 without adjuvants followed by isoproturon at 105 g a.i. ha-1 + Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1 were sprayed (Table 3). ha-1 + Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1 gave plant heights of 13.5, 2.5, 22.5 and 11.25 cm in M. indica, A. arvensis, P. minor and F. indica respectively which was minimum among all treatments. 2008;27(3-5):719-26. Resistance in this species to photosystem Il-inhibiting herbicide isoproturon was first recorded in 1992, and has since spread to several Indian states covering more than a million ha. Common weeds of wheat and their control. For more information, visit http://journals.cambridge.org. 2010;16:89-96. Enhancing the biological activity of nicosulfuron with pH adjusters. 1998;53:123-132. ha-1 + Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1. Our results showed that wheat produced maximum number of productive tillers (m-2) and minimum non-productive tillers where maximum weed control was achieved. Fragmenta Agron. 2011;48:185-90.) Each dose of isoproturon was prepared separately. ha-1 + Ad-500 at 400 mL ha-1 after 17 days of herbicide application. 2009;6(6):1-10.). In view of our findings, physiological parameters such as net photosynthesis rate, transpiration rate, and stomatal conductance of all four weeds were significantly reduced to a greater extent by all herbicidal spray measured after 3, 10 and 17 days of application in comparison with weedy check. Fragmenta Agron. Pestic Sci. Enhancing the biological activity of nicosulfuron with pH adjusters. Weed science: Principles and practices. Whereas, isoproturon at 175 g a.i. 4th ed. Early reports revealed that herbicides has a direct impact on photosynthetic activity by disrupting all major components of photosynthesis including carbon reduction cycle, thylakoid electron transport, stomatal control of the CO2 supply and cholorophyll activity (Naseer-ud-Din et al., 2011; Vandoorne et al., 2012Vandoorne B, Mathieu AS, van den Ende W, Vergauwen R, Prilleux C, Javaux M, et al. Several studies has demonstrated that adjuvants efficacy is dependent on the herbicide being used and the characteristics of target weed (Kieloch and Domaradzki, 2008Kieloch R, Domaradzki K. The abiotic factors affecting the effectiveness of herbicides. Data stated that full dose of isoproturon at 175 g a.i. According to Cheema et al. carfentrazone-ethyl + isoproturon gave maximum number of spike bearing tillers (m-2) than clodinafop propargyl + bromoxynil octanovate + heptanovate ester. Figure 4 showed decreasing (isoproturon with and without adjuvants) and increasing (weedy check) trend of stomatal conductance after 3, 10 and 17 days of herbicidal treatments. However, among all herbicidal applications, isoproturon with adjuvants decreased the net photosynthesis, transpiration rate, and stomatal conductance in all four weeds (M. indica, A. arvensis, P. minor, and F. indica) after 17 days of herbicide application compared to others treatments. Kierzek R, Adamczewski K. Activity of selected herbicide mixtures in maize. ha-1 + Ad-500 at 400 mL ha-1, isoproturon at 105 g a.i. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 1993. p.99-116. Treatments were comprised of weedy check, isoproturon at 175 g a.i. Ann App Bio. 2008;48:1146-9.). Maximum fresh and dry weight of four weeds was observed in weedy check. ha-1 was sprayed alone and in combination with both adjuvants (Bio-enhancer + Ad-500) at 400 mL ha-1. 2000;23:145-200. Herbicide efficacy is significantly decreased due to direct influence of factors like drift and surface tension, whereas it can be increased with addition of adjuvants (Adamczewski and Matysiak, 2005Adamczewski K, Matysiak R The effects and benefits of adjuvants used with sulfonyl urea herbicides. Adding adjuvants allow the applicator to customize the tank formulation for each particular situation. 2011;48:185-90. ha-1 + Ad-500 at 400 mL ha-1, T7 = Isoproturon at 105 g a.i. 2006;20(2):377-83.). Number of grains/spike, spike length, 1000-grains weight and grain yield was enhanced by application of isoproturon with and without adjuvants not only due to more availability of nutrients but also increased transportation of photosynthates, protein synthesis from source to sink. Spray solutions were prepared by adding isoproturon alone and with adjuvants in a plastic bottles containing tap water. Guarda G, Padovan S, Delogu G. Grain yield, nitrogen-use efficiency and baking quality of old and modern Italian bread-wheat cultivars grown at different nitrogen levels. ha-1, isoproturon at 140 g a.i. 2011;51(1):478-88. Seed biopriming with drought tolerant isolates of Trichoderma harzianum promote growth and drought tolerance in Triticum aestivum. ha-1, isoproturon at 105 g a.i. Maximum harvest index (51.5%) of wheat was observed with isoproturon at 175 g a.i. ha-1 + Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1 produced minimum dry weight of 7.5, 8, 19.5 and 7.5 g of M. indica, A. arvensis, P. minor and F. indica, respectively. ha-1. Weed Sci. Weed science: Principles and practices. J ASTM Int. Both adjuvants improved efficacy of isoproturon and produced higher number of grains/spike than isoproturon alone (Table 1). ha-1 + Ad-500 at 400 mL ha-1, T8 = Isoproturon at 175 g a.i. Tank mixture adjuvant provided better control of major weeds species than herbicide use alone or low dose with adjuvants that resulted in increased space and nutrients availability to crops which ultimately increased productive tillers and reduced non-productive tillers (Kierzek and Adamczewski, 2008Kierzek R, Adamczewski K. Activity of selected herbicide mixtures in maize. Water stress drastically reduces root growth and inulin yield in Cichorium intybus (var. Isoproturon-resistant biotypes were found cross-resistant to diclofop, but not to chlortoluron, which has the same mode of action as isoproturon. Green JM. All herbicide treatments with and without adjuvants impart significant impact on all weeds by reducing their photosynthetic rate as compared to weedy check after 3, 10 and 17 days of herbicidal spray (Figure 2). Eur J Agron. Presented at the UC Davis. Wheat is among the most widely planted crops in the world. Injury and grass control. Afr J Biotechnol. Highest transpiration rate was observed in weedy check after that maximum transpiration rate (5.40 mol m-2 s-1) was recorded with lowest dose of isoproturon at 105 g a.i. Moreover, the herbicide at reduced dose with adjuvants was not much effective in terms of weed control or increased yield. ha-1 + Ad-500 at 400 mL ha-1, T6 = Isoproturon at 140 g a.i. ha-1 + Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1 (Table 4). As doses de herbicida foram isoproturon a 175 g i.a. ha-1 + Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1 produced minimum fresh weight of 37.5 g, 16.5 g and 16.5 g in M. indica, A. arvensis and F. indica, respectively. Pak J Agric Sci. Although isoproturon recommendation has been withdrawn from rice-wheat cropping zones, resistance in littleseed canarygrass is spreading in other areas where isoproturon has been used for several years because it is inexpensive and has broad-spectum weed control. There was significant effect of isoproturon with and without adjuvants on number of grains/spike of wheat (Table 1). Spike length was significantly affected by exogenous application of isoproturon with and without adjuvants. Among all treatments, maximum stomatal conductance (2287 mol m-2 s-1) was recorded in weedy check. However, lower efficacy of these herbicides has been observed in the field, although multiple resistances have yet to be confirmed. 3rd ed. Brecke BJ, Stephenson DO. ), herbicide control weeds by inhibiting their photosynthesis, chlorophyll, lipid synthesis and seedling growth. Prog Plant Prot. Pak J Water Res. This item is part of a JSTOR Collection. The soil of experimental site was analyzed and found to be sandy clay loam with pH 8.2, organic matter content 0.90%, 0.55% nitrogen (N), 12 ppm available phosphorous (P) and 113 ppm available potassium (K). Usman K, Khan M. Economic evaluation of weed management through tillage, herbicides and hand weeding in irrigated wheat. 2005;45:17-24. (2006Cheema MS, Akhtar M, Iqbal MS. 2006;20(2):377-83. Growth parameters such as plant height and biological yield were increased with herbicide application because of low competition between weeds and wheat plants for nutrients, light, space and water that enhance nutrient use efficiency of wheat plants. At harvest, A. arvensis and F. indica showed similar trend and both weeds were fully controlled in plots where isoproturon at 175 g a.i. ha-1 + Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1, isoproturon at 140 g a.i. Weed control in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) with post emergence applications of trifloxysulfuron-sodium. Improved cultivation practices are also helpful; however, no current single system is sustainable. The higher number of grains per spike might be due to least competition of weeds and maximum production of photosynthates by wheat plant that shifted into the reproductive organs. An integration of tillage method, planting time, varietal selection, crop rotation, timing and method of herbicide application, optimum dose, and sanitation practices is crucial in managing herbicide-resistant littleseed canarygrass. Adoption of fenoxaprop-P, clodinafop, and sulfosulfuron in isoproturon-resistant areas since 1997 initially led to high yields, but resulted in a weed flora shift which eventually reduced yields and increased the cost of weed management. Weed Technol. 2009;1:101-111. Common weeds of wheat and their control. 2009;6(6):1-10. Pak J Weed Sci Res. 2008;25:61-70.; Gugaa et al., 2010Gugaa M, Zarzecka K, Zadrozniak B. Pestic Sci. According to Harbour et al. Littleseed canarygrass is a major weed of winter-season crops, although it is most dominant in wheat-growing regions in the Indo-Gangetic Plains of India, Pakistan, Nepal, and Bangladesh. excellent weed control and maximum grain yield was recorded from Puma Super 75 EW at 1.25 L ha-1 + buctril super 60 EC at 750 mL ha-1 followed by isoproturon at 2 kg ha-1 having statistically at par grain yield. Kieloch R, Domaradzki K. The abiotic factors affecting the effectiveness of herbicides. Pak J Agric Sci. After weedy check, lower doses of isoproturon with both adjuvants (Bio-enhancer + Ad-500) at 400 mL ha-1 produced highest gaseous exchange parameters after 17 days of herbicide spray that might be due to the fact that all herbicide treatments not only affected weeds but also the wheat plants at earlier stage of spray however, lower doses of isoproturon imparted less impact on wheat. Text Boca Raton: CRC Press; 1993. 2012;11(4):791-9. Khalil MF, Hassan G, Hussain Z, Shah NH, Khan MM. 2008;14(3-4):111-20. Ashrafi Z. Harbour JD, Messersmith CG, Ramsdale BK. Whereas, isoproturon at 175 g a.i. Efficacy of isoproturon with and without adjuvants on height of all four weeds (M. indica, A. arvensis, P. minor and F. indica) was found significantly different (Table 5). ha-1 + Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1, isoproturon at 105 g a.i. (2012Shehzad MA, Maqsood M, Anwar-ul-Haq M, Niaz A. Efficacy of various herbicides against weeds in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Steel RGD, Torrie JH, Dicky D. Principles and procedures of statistics. sativum) independently of photosynthesis. Woznica Z, Idziak R. Influence of herbicide application timings, rates and adjuvant type on weed control and yield of maize grown for forage. Presented results are in agreement with those of Naseer-ud-Din et al. Seed bed was prepared by cultivating the soil thrice with tractor mounted cultivator, each followed by planking. New York: John Wiley and Sons; 2002. ha-1 + Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1, T10 = Isoproturon at 105 g a.i. 2008;27(3-5):719-26. ) ha-1 + Ad-500 at 400 mL ha-1, T7 = Isoproturon at 105 g a.i. Prog Plant Prot. (EN). 2009;15:199-208.) In: Strigib JC, Kudsk P, editors. ha-1 + Ad-500 at 400 mL ha-1, T8 = Isoproturon at 175 g a.i. Gugaa M, Zarzecka K, Zadrozniak B. The more decrease in above traits with inclusion of adjuvants among all other treatments might be due to enhancement in efficiency of isoproturon with addition of adjuvants. T1 = Weedy check, T2 = Isoproturon at 175 g a.i. However, in weedy check, highest rate of photosynthesis was recorded in all weeds after 3, 10, and 17 days of herbicide spray. Chhokar R, Singh S, Sharma R. Herbicides for control of isoproturon-resistant Littleseed Canarygrass (Phalaris minor) in wheat. ha-1 + Ad-500 at 400 mL ha-1, T8 = Isoproturon at 175 g a.i. Hess FD, Foy CL. Whereas in all herbicidal applications, lowest photosynthetic rate (7.13 mol m-2 s-1) of wheat was recorded with isoproturon at 175 g a.i. Our results are also in agreement to Woznica and Idziak (2010Woznica Z, Idziak R. Influence of herbicide application timings, rates and adjuvant type on weed control and yield of maize grown for forage. ha-1 and 105 g a.i. Herbicide adjuvants. Different post-emergence herbicides has been used to control weeds but it is documented that application of post-emergence herbicide with adjuvants was found to be more effective in controlling the weeds (Naseer-ud-Din et al., 2011). Eur J Agron. Herbicide Bioassays. To increase the growth and yield of wheat, it is important to apply herbicides at optimum rate and right time while maintaining weed control at an acceptable level and also protecting crop from herbicide injury. Study effects of planting methods and tank mixed herbiciedes on weeds controlling and wheat yield. Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, 40100, Pakistan. Whereas, isoproturon at 175 g a.i. ha-1 + Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1, T9 = Isoproturon at 140 g a.i. (2011Naseer-ud-Din GM, Shehzad MA, Nasarullah HM. All herbicide treatments produced more biological yield as compared to weedy check. Surfactants affect herbicides on kochia (. 2012;11(4):791-9. Department of Agronomy, BZU Bahadur Sub Campus, Layyah, Pakistan. Cambridge Journals publishes over 250 peer-reviewed academic journals across a wide range of subject areas, in print and online. 2010;16:89-96.) 2003;1:71-73. Weed Technol. Formulation and adjuvants. According to Khalil et al., (2010Khalil MF, Hassan G, Hussain Z, Shah NH, Khan MM. 4th ed. ha-1 + Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1 produced tallest wheat plants, whereas, minimum plant height (79.5 cm) was recorded with isoproturon at 105 g a.i. Maximum plant height of M. indica (63.5 cm), A. arvensis (39.5), P. minor (80.2 cm) and F. indica (57.75 cm) was recorded in weedy check. ha-1 + Ad-500 at 400 mL ha-1 in F. indica than others weeds (Figure 3). Cambridge University Press is committed by its charter to disseminate knowledge as widely as possible across the globe. Woodland: 2001. Seed biopriming with drought tolerant isolates of, Singh S, Kirkwood RC, Marshall G. Effect of ABT on the activity and rate of degradation of isoproturon in susceptible and resistant biotypes of, Singh R, Dhiman SEN, Rana NS, Kumar S. Efficacy of dicamba alone and in combination with isoproturon on wheat (. Weed Res. Our findings are in accordance with Ashrafi (2009Ashrafi Z. Isoproturon {3-(4- isopropyl phenyl)-1,1- dimethyl urea} is among the important phenyl related urea group and post-emergence herbicide mainly utilized to control annual, broad leaf and grasses weeds in wheat and other cereal crops (Chhokar et al., 2008Chhokar R, Singh S, Sharma R. Herbicides for control of isoproturon-resistant Littleseed Canarygrass (Phalaris minor) in wheat. When herbicides are applied as a tank mixture or combined with an adjuvant, they might be more efficacious and cost-effective in controlling weeds if the appropriate combinations are used (Monaco et al., 2002). ha-1 + Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1 produced highest biological yield compared to other treatments. Efficacy of various pre and post-emergence herbicides to control weeds in wheat. ha-1 applied alone or with adjuvants Ad-500 or Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1 each and weedy check as a control treatment. In case of wheat, highest productive tillers, plant height, 1000-grain weight, biological and grain yield were achieved with isoproturon at 175 g a.i. Data regarding effect of isoproturon with and without adjuvants on harvest index of wheat is presented in Table 2. ha-1 + Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1. Harvest index (%) of wheat was calculated using following formula: The net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate and stomatal conductance for wheat and weeds were measured 3, 10 and 17 days after herbicide application. 2015;166(2):171-182. Results clearly demonstrates that reduced dose of isoproturon (105 g a.i. Significant reduction in above mentioned physiological parameters in all weeds was probably due to herbicide application with adjuvants that enhanced the effectiveness of herbicide and isoproturon which disturbed the activity of chlorophyll and photosystems I and II by binding to quinine binding protein D-1 in thalakoid membrane in plant and effect electron transport chain (Naseer-ud-Din et al., 2011). Among all treatments, weedy check produced maximum photosynthetic rate after 3, 10 and 17 days of herbicide spray. At harvesting, maximum number of weeds were recorded for all four weeds in weedy check. 2005;45:17-24.; Bernards et al., 2009Bernards ML, Penner D, Michael J, Zollinger R, Rhode A, Dean SW. Imazapyr absorption and translocation in northern red oak and red maple as affected by herbicide formulation and the adjuvant methylated seed oil. Pak J Weed Sci Res. Rueda Ayala V, Rasmussen J, Gerhards R, Fournaise NE. ha-1 + Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1. Bernards ML, Penner D, Michael J, Zollinger R, Rhode A, Dean SW. Imazapyr absorption and translocation in northern red oak and red maple as affected by herbicide formulation and the adjuvant methylated seed oil. Minimum productive and maximum non-productive tillers were recorded in weedy check. Our results indicated that addition of Bio-enhancer to isoproturon increased the efficacy of isoproturon at full dose in terms of number of grains per spike when compared with addition of Ad-500 or without adjuvant. ha-1 + Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1. Multiple comparisons. Among these methods, chemical weed control is the most improved method (Bibi et al., 2008Bibi S, Marwat KB, Hassan G, Khan NM. ha- 1, T3 = Isoproturon at 140 g a.i. 2010;24:147-52. Effect of individual and tank mixed herbicides on yield of wheat crop. Herbicide rotations, mixtures, and sequences are beneficial, but only in the short term. Pak J Water Res. ha-1 + Bio-enhance at 400 mL ha-1 after 17 days of herbicidal spray. A field experiment was conducted during winter season, 2013-2014 at the Agronomic Research Area, College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha (31.41o, Latitude N, 74.17o, E Longitude and Altitude 194.4 m). ha-1 + Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1. All herbicide treatments were applied with back pack knapsack sprayer equipped with flat fan nozzle after calibration. ha-1 and isoproturon at 105 g a.i. Read your article online and download the PDF from your email or your account. 2004;21:181-92. J Exp Bot. Weed Res. However, minimum fresh weight (37.5 g) was measured from P. minor where isoproturon at 140 g a.i. 2010;9:77-84. Presented at the UC Davis. Herbicide treatments were applied at two to four leaf stage of weeds. 2007 Cambridge University Press In: Strigib JC, Kudsk P, editors. Cheema MS, Akhtar M, Iqbal MS. T1 = Weedy check, T2 = Isoproturon at 175 g a.i. Surfactants affect herbicides on kochia (Kochia scoparia) and russian thistle (Salsolai berica). ; Green, 2001Green JM. ha-1, T4 = Isoproturon at 105 g a.i. ha-1, T5 = Isoproturon at 175 g a.i. No entanto, observaram-se valores mais altos de parmetros de troca de gs do trigo quando nenhum herbicida foi pulverizado. Minimum photosynthetic rate in M. indica (0.612 mol m-2 s-1), A. arvensis (0.552 mol m-2 s-1), P. minor (0.395 mol m-2 s-1), and F. indica (0.125 mol m-2 s-1) was recorded with isoproturon at 175 g a.i. Data showed that post-emergence spray of isoproturon with and without adjuvants reduced the transpiration rate of all four weeds (M. indica, A. arvensis, P. minor, and F. indica) after 3, 10 and 17 days of application. Adjuvants improve the biological activity and reduce surface tension which may help to reduce herbicide dose (Green and Cahill, 2003Green JM, Cahill WR. 2008;25:61-70. ha-1 with both adjuvants (Bio-enhancer and Ad-500 each at 400 mL ha-1) significantly increased 1000-grains weight than weedy check. The influence of post emergence weed harrowing on selectivity, crop recovery and crop yield in different growth stages of winter wheat. ha-1 + Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1, T10 = Isoproturon at 105 g a.i. Pak J Weed Sci Res. Moreover, maximum wheat growth and yield as well as weed control was also achieved with this treatment. Herbicide Bioassays. Cambridge University Press (www.cambridge.org) is the publishing division of the University of Cambridge, one of the worlds leading research institutions and winner of 81 Nobel Prizes. Many of these journals are the leading academic publications in their fields and together they form one of the most valuable and comprehensive bodies of research available today. WRIC Weed Science School, September 26-28. This might be due to addition of adjuvants that increased efficacy of herbicides either at full or reduced dose as well as reduced competition of wheat plants with weeds for utilization of available resources at their maximum level. However, isoproturon at reduced dose (105 g a.i. Ahmad R, Shaikh AS. Legume Res. ha-1, T4 = Isoproturon at 105 g a.i. 2010;255:47-57. Shehzad MA, Maqsood M, Anwar-ul-Haq M, Niaz A. Efficacy of various herbicides against weeds in wheat (, Shukla N, Awasthi RP, Rawat L, Kumar J. ha-1 + Bio-enhancer followed by that of isoproturon at 175 g a.i. Pak J Weed Sci Res. With a personal account, you can read up to 100 articles each month for free. Keywords:fresh and dry weight; gas exchange traits; growth and yield; herbicide doses; Triticum aestivum L.; weed control. New York: McGraw Hill Book; 1997. 2006;51(2):139-41. In case of dry weight of weeds, isoproturon at 175 g a.i. Rahman L, Sakuratoni E, Uddiu T. Ecological adoption of chickpea to water stress. Seed biopriming with drought tolerant isolates of Trichoderma harzianum promote growth and drought tolerance in Triticum aestivum. In case of A. arvensis, F. indica and P. minor, minimal stomatal conductance was recorded with isoproturon at 175 g a.i. Interaction of surfactants with plant cuticles. In: Strigib JC, Kudsk P, editors. Kudsk P, Streibig JC. Conclui-se que o isoproturon a 175 g i.a. has reported that weeds are efficiently controlled when isoproturon is sprayed combined with surfactants. ha-1, 140 g a.i. Transpiration rate was found maximal in weedy check when measured 3, 10 and 17 days after herbicide spray (Figure 3). The collected data was subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) technique and treatments means were compared using Tukeys (HSD) test at 5% probability level using Statistix 8.1 (Steel et al., 1997Steel RGD, Torrie JH, Dicky D. Principles and procedures of statistics. Some adjuvants completely alter the chemical composition of herbicide or even cover the plant surface by keeping the herbicide in-contact with plant tissue hence increase herbicide penetration and binding ability to kill the target plant without damaging actual crop (Kudsk and Streibig, 1993Kudsk P, Streibig JC. However, effect of isoproturon with and without adjuvants was different for minimum number of weeds at harvest (Table 4). ha-1 with both adjuvants each at 400 mL ha-1 after 3, 10 and 17 days of herbicide treatments. The treatments were isoproturon at 175 g a.i. 2000;14:807-13.). Water stress drastically reduces root growth and inulin yield in. The plot size was 1.5 m 3.5 m having row to row spacing 25 cm. Access supplemental materials and multimedia. 2004;21:181-92. ; Rueda Ayala et al., 2011Rueda Ayala V, Rasmussen J, Gerhards R, Fournaise NE. ha-1 with both adjuvants (Ad-500 and Bio-enhancer) each at 400 mL ha-1 was more effective in reducing photosynthetic parameters of weeds than all other herbicide treatments and caused maximum reduction in photosynthetic parameters of weeds. (English), https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-83582020380100024, This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, Effect of Isoproturon With and Without Adjuvants on Photosynthetic Attributes of Wheat and Its Associated Weeds. Green JM, Cahill WR. The influence of post emergence weed harrowing on selectivity, crop recovery and crop yield in different growth stages of winter wheat. Pak J Weed Sci Res. ha-1 and isoproturon at 175 g a.i. who revealed that F. indica, M. indica and Rumex dentatus density significantly decreased by different herbicides compared with control. New York: John Wiley and Sons; 2002.). ha-1 e isoproturon a 105 g i.a. From findings of this study it could be concluded that weed plant height, number of weeds after 21 days, number of weeds at harvest and weeds biomass in terms of their fresh and dry weight was decreased significantly by all doses of herbicidal spray but application of herbicide with adjuvants reduced all above mentioned traits to greater extent. 3rd ed. ha-1, T4 = Isoproturon at 105 g a.i. Regarding grain yield, wheat responded differently to isoproturon applied with and without adjuvants (Table 2). ha-1 + Ad-500 at 400 mL ha-1, isoproturon at 175 g a.i. Wheat variety PUNJAB-2011 was sown at the seed rate of 100 kg ha-1, planted using a single-row hand-pulled seed drill. In cereals, particularly in wheat, different herbicides are utilized with chief mode of action of photosynthesis inhibition by interrupting normal functioning of chlorophyll and photosystems I and II by binding to quinine binding protein D-1 in thalakoid membrane and seizes electron transport chain (Naseer-ud-din et al., 2011Naseer-ud-Din GM, Shehzad MA, Nasarullah HM. 2010;24:147-52.). Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, 40100, Pakistan. Means sharing the same letter in a column did not differ with each other at 5% (0.05) probability level. also revealed that herbicides significantly improved harvest index over weedy check. Efficacy of various pre and post-emergence herbicides to control weeds in wheat. ha-1 + Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1 lowered the transpiration rate significantly in studied weeds after 17 days of herbicide spray than 3 and 10 days. Indian J Agron. Means sharing the same letter in a column did not differ with each other at 5% (0.05) probability level. An effect of adjuvants on potato yielding and limiting weed infestation in potato stands. Afr J Biotechnol. 2003;51:430-4. Vandoorne B, Mathieu AS, van den Ende W, Vergauwen R, Prilleux C, Javaux M, et al. Combination of Bio-enhancer and isoproturon is more effective as compared to Ad-500, as Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1 with reduced dose of isoproturon (140 g a.i. Water stress drastically reduces root growth and inulin yield in Cichorium intybus (var. Highest productive tillers (375.2) and lowest non-productive tillers (18.5) of wheat were observed with the application of isoproturon at 175 g a.i. However, after 3 days of herbicidal application, minimum transpiration rate (2.32 mol m-2 s-1) was recorded with isoproturon at 175 g a.i. According to Rahman et al. Stomatal conductance enhanced significantly after 17 day of herbicidal spray than 3 and 10 days after spray (Figure 1). Shehzad MA, Maqsood M, Anwar-ul-Haq M, Niaz A. Efficacy of various herbicides against weeds in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). 2012;63(12):4359-4373.; Shukla et al., 2015Shukla N, Awasthi RP, Rawat L, Kumar J. The sprayer was adjusted to deliver 250 L ha-1 solution at 3.2 km h-1. Singh S, Kirkwood RC, Marshall G. Effect of ABT on the activity and rate of degradation of isoproturon in susceptible and resistant biotypes of Phalaris minor and in wheat. Effect of post-emergence herbicide isoproturon alone and with adjuvants on fresh and dry weight of all four weeds Melilotus indica, Anagallis arvensis, Phalaris minor and Fumaria indica resulted in lowest fresh and dry weight as compared to weedy check (Table 3).