with cellulose 47%, hemicelluloses 16% and lignin 18% [35]; bamboo with cellulose 44%, hemicelluloses 30% and lignin 26% [36]; Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescensMazel), with cellulose 46%, hemicelluloses 23% and lignin 26% [37]; bamboo (Dendrocalamus asper) with cellulose 41%, hemicelluloses 27% and lignin 27% [38]; Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys heterocycla), with cellulose 4247%, hemicelluloses 2223% and lignin 2331% [39]; bamboo, with cellulose 38.4%, hemicelluloses 20.5% and lignin 20.8% [40]; Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys heterocycla), with cellulose 37%, hemicelluloses 22% and lignin 24% [41]; bamboo shoots shell fibre (BSSF), with cellulose 23%, hemicelluloses 14% and lignin 11% and bamboo stem and leaf (BSL), with cellulose 21%, hemicelluloses 12% and lignin 12% [42]. Besides, it is recognised as an industrial raw material globally and has tremendous potentials for economic development of nations [75]. Bamboo is a perennial woody grass, which belongs to the family Gramineae and subfamily Bambuseae [7]. In another study, the preparation of short bamboo fibre-reinforced polypropylene composites with various loadings percentages of chemically modified bamboo fibres was reported [62]. Free Rides in Couch Bikes Soothe Senior Loneliness, Remember Flying? It can be used for almost all parts of houses, including posts, roofs, walls, floors, beams, trusses and fences [14]. A few examples of bamboo paper products are coffee filters, paper cups, paper towels, toilet paper, cardboard, kraft paper, and bond paper. The problem with this method was that fibre bundles with diameters of 10010.4m were also formed during the extraction; therefore, the parameters were chosen to optimise separation of bamboo fibre by using a minimum amount of NaOH [48]. Top 10 exporter of bamboo globally in 2009 [10]. With its high growth rate, a wide range of applications and renewability, bamboo resources occupy a noteworthy position in the twenty-first century as a versatile and vital raw material [20]. Fact is, everything that can be made from wood can also be made with bamboo. Unfortunately (due to the higher cost of mechanically extracted bamboo fibers), modern bamboo clothing is usually made from chemically processed bamboo, called: viscoserayon. In Latin America, farmers often use bamboo as beehives. Species of bamboo are found in all continents except in Europe [2]. Chemical composition of bamboo fibre [33]. Subsequently, the fibre bundles were heated with 0.5% NaOH (w/v), 2% sodium sulphite, 2% sodium silicate and 2% sodium polyphosphate solutions for about 60min at 100C. The various uses of bamboo for humans are quite remarkable. They have high potentials in carbon fixation, and this is due to the prediction that the carbon stocks in bamboo stands based on previous data for 2050 may get to 1017.64 Tg C [26] or reach 1138.8 Tg C [27]. Hence, it allows an artist to express his talent in several forms. British expats are hoping to ease traffic congestion, parking and pollution problems with their new eco-friendly "Bamboo Treecycle" invention which is proving to be a big hit. In another study, Kushwaha and Kumar [69] investigated the effect of silanes on the mechanical properties of bamboo fibre-epoxy composites. Bamboo fibres could also be modified by atom transfer radical polymerisation (ATRP) technique. A soybean oil-based monomer, acrylated epoxidised soybean oil (AESO) monomer was grafted onto the surface of bamboo fibre using 1,6-diisocyanatohexane (DIH) as a linker, and the attached C=C bonds participated in the crosslinking of UPE resins, thus forming chemical connections between the bamboo fibres and the UPE matrix. The application of bamboo in many spheres of life as a suitable replacement for woody biomass in some instances provides arrays of opportunities in material industries. Love podcasts or audiobooks? The interfacial adhesion between the fibre and other matrices can enhance the inclusion of coupling agents and fibre pre-treatment using acid hydrolysis. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn citations and find new collaborators, meaning more people see your work not only from your own field of study, but from other related fields too. Sodium chlorite was occasionally used to bleach the fibre to white. Their potential and utilisation for cellulose, bio-ethanol and other related products have been studied. Other common species of bamboo used for this purpose are shown in Table 5. Common bamboo species that can be used for this purpose (see Table 5). [49] reported that the characteristic properties of mercerised bamboo fibres used for the preparation of bamboo fibre-reinforced epoxy composites made the bio composites cost useful for dielectric applications. In another study, Azzini etal. [63] evaluated the effect of pressing time on physical and mechanical properties of phenolic-impregnated bamboo strips. And as such, several outstanding bamboo fibres can be obtained and incorporate other materials to produce excellent performance composites that can favourably compete with many conventional materials. The part transformed to alcohol represents the yield of 250380l ton1 of bamboo [94] while that of sugar cane, when compared gave an average yield of 70l of alcohol ton1 [95]. Silane coupling agents have a hydrophilic structure with different groups attached to the silicon atoms that can act as a bridge; one end is interacting with the matrix and the other end reacting with the hydrophilic fibres [64]. Culms of many bamboo species secret siliceous materials, which can be used for medicine. Bamboo greenhouses are very popular among farming communities in the tropics because a bamboo greenhouse is much more economical to build, operate and maintain compared to conventional steel framed greenhouses. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. Many Filipinos use this bamboo to make "Kerosene Bamboo Cannons", which they use as an alternative to firecrackers, during Christmas and the New Year. The multi-functional ranges of bamboo uses have shown that it may prove beneficial as a valuable and sustainable natural resource [76]. This chapter also examined some investigated chemical modifications through alkali hydrolysis, acid hydrolysis, coupling to enhance properties of bamboo fibre for specialised applications. It attains maturity in 3years as compared to wood, which takes almost more than 20years. For instance, there are some situations where bamboo is used as poles for aerial antenna, electrification, rafters, fishing traps, yam stakes, etc. Ogunwusi and Onwualu [3] reported that feeding chickens on organic diets containing fresh bamboo leaves lead to 70% weight gain more than those do fed on standard organic diets. After treating for 24h at 50C, the obtained bamboo fibre suspension was cooled then dialysed against distilled water to remove low molecular weight compounds. The fibres obtained were then heated for about 60min at 100C, except using 0.7% NaOH. Bamboo extracts contain valuable elements, which are used in pharmaceuticals, creams and beverages. It serves as a substitute for wood charcoal or mineral coal and has been reported to possess absorption capacity which is six times that of wood charcoal of the same weight [3, 14]. Our team is growing all the time, so were always on the lookout for smart people who want to help us reshape the world of scientific publishing. Home > Books > Bamboo - Current and Future Prospects, Submitted: October 6th, 2016 Reviewed: March 9th, 2018 Published: May 30th, 2018, Total Chapter Downloads on intechopen.com. Besides, bamboo is also a material of high plasticity and easy to combine with other materials. The bamboo potential as an industrial raw material is linked to its agronomical and technological characteristics [2]. However, cost, energy, water, and chemical concerns in manufacturing still must be addressed. [75] further reported that the current uses of bamboo in Nigeria represent only a fraction of economic activities in the country. It was thought that effective surface treatment from the silane coupling agent-improved adhesion between the polylactic acid matrix and the bamboo fibre. Its natural hollow form makes bamboo an obvious choice for many traditional instruments. The obtained pulp was cooled, filtered and washed, and then further treated with glacial acetic acid. non-woody) plant, which produces primary shoot without any later secondary growth [8]. Contact our London head office or media team here. Also, bamboo pipes do not contaminate the water being conveyed and do not react with the soil; unlike the other assorted materials, thus preventing the excessive cost of treating the water being conveyed for the various human and animal uses [101]. Such rayon is made by dissolving the cellulose in the bamboo, and then extruding it to form fibers. Cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin are the three major chemical compositions of bamboo, and they are closely associated in a complex structure [31]. Activated carbon is employed in the decolourisation of sugar and sweeteners, drinking water treatment, gold recovery, production of pharmaceuticals and fine chemicals, catalytic process, off-gas treatment of waste incinerators, automotive vapour filters, colour/odour correction in wines and fruit juices. Various craft products made of bamboo are baskets, tools, handles, hats, traditional toys, mat, flooring material, purses, bags, satchels, tea packaging, floor tiles, general household product, furniture, utensils, musical instruments, etc. It has some ecological functions on soil erosion control, water conservation, land rehabilitation, carbon sequestration, etc. He etal. The culm, shoot and leaf of bamboo have been reported to possess anti-oxidation, anti-ageing, antibacterial and antiviral properties. It has found application in different industrial sectors including civil construction, wood, paper and pulp, textile, electrical and electronics, agriculture and agro-allied, food, chemical and pharmaceutical, reinforcement, automobile and medicine. They reported that the modifications improved the mechanical properties of the cellulose/poly(l-lactic acid) composites by improving the interfacial adhesion of the cellulose fibre and the matrix. Learn on the go with our new app. Safe, Simple and Comfortable House with Bamboo Rei Bamboo Wear and Its Application in Friction Materi Bamboo charcoal, bamboo charcoal briquettes, bio-methane, Bio-ethanol, Plywood, laminated bamboo board, mat ply bamboo, curtains ply bamboo, laminated wood strips, mat curtain plywood, door shutter, matchstick, bamboo clipboard, furniture and handicrafts, charcoal, Cellulose, bio-ethanol, bio-methane, starch, charcoal, flavour and preservatives, bamboo leaf tea, Floor tiles, toys, bamboo composite decking, bamboo composite fencing, bamboo composite deck tiles, bamboo composite railings, bamboo composite dustbins, bamboo composite outdoor furniture, bamboo decking accessories. Mine Kafon is a revolutionary landmine clearer/detonator that is very cheap to make. In China, bamboo forests are recognised as a massive carbon sink in the global cycles of carbon. Its brightness and optical properties remain stable while those papers make from wood may deteriorate over time. Crude fibre bundles of bamboo, obtained by drawing bamboo chips roasted at 150C for 30min, were first immersed in water at 60C for 24h, and then air-dried before removing impurities further by repeated rolling. I usually answer with the rhetorical question: What products can be made from wood? The sap of B. vulgarisis given as a remedy for phthisis in the Philippines [100]. Bamboo paper has a high tear index, similar to that of hardwood paper, and its brightness and optical properties remain stable, while those of wood derived paper may deteriorate over time. Recently in another study, a solvent (concentrated phosphoric acid) and organic solvent (95% ethanol)-based lignocellulose fractionation (COSLIF) methods have been developed to pre-treat bamboo [34]. As a cheap lignocellulosic feedstock, bamboo has been adopted for bioenergy production. Two novel bifunctional monomers, namely isocyanatoethyl-methacrylate and N-methylol acrylamide, have been used as the coupling agents to strength the interface of bamboo fibre/unsaturated polyester composites [71, 72]. Today we see a boom of innovative bamboo products and applications as a sustainable alternative for wood. Activated bamboo charcoal has found application in cleaning the environment, absorbing excess moisture and producing medicines [81]. They reported that the modification improved various features such as fine structure, impact strength, wetting ability, interfacial strength, mechanical properties, weathering and thermal properties of the composites [51, 52, 53]. Although some of these applications are very limited in scope, continuous researches on bamboo can increase their potential and induce their aggressive interest in many more areas. Its abundance, chemical composition and numerous applications are reviewed in this work. [47] in their study, soaked bamboo strips in 4% NaOH for 72h to extract the fibre. Bamboo Textiles And Fabrics: What You Need To Know Before Buying, Bamboo Beehives: A Unique Way To Make Your Own Honey. Some bamboo-based products include house construction materials, household items, biofuel, chemical and pharmaceutical products, pulp and paper, irrigation and drainage pipes and textiles materials, panels, flooring materials, charcoal, edible shoots and other daily-use articles [75, 77]. The alkali-treated fibres are then passed through multi-phase bleaching. Lu etal. In recent years, the development and utilisation of bamboo have attracted particular attention, not only in paper, textile and food industry but also for construction and reinforcing fibres. In recent years different technologies have been developed that allow bamboo fiber to be used for a wide range of textile, fabrics, yarn, cloth, clothing and fashion applications such as T-shirts, pants, underwear, socks, towels, bedsheets, pillow covers, blankets, mattresses, and even bulletproof vests. The bark is a cure for eruptions [99]. HeadquartersIntechOpen Limited5 Princes Gate Court,London, SW7 2QJ,UNITED KINGDOM, Mayowa Akeem Azeez and Joshua Iseoluwa Orege, Bamboo building or civil construction materials, Bamboo livestock feed and ornamental plant, Bamboo chemicals and pharmaceutical products. Stems and leaves of Bambusa bambosare used in traditional Indian medicine as a blood purifier, in the treatment of leucoderma and inflammatory conditions. Another significant product from bamboo is activated carbon. It is a chemical processing raw cellulose fibre to delignify and to remove the amorphous regions. This method has made the incorporation of poly(poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate) (PPEGMA) onto the surfaces of bamboo fibres to improve interfacial adhesion between bamboo fibre and poly-(butylene succinate) [66]. Although data on worldwide production of bamboo products are incredibly unreliable, they do not appear in significant commodity databases [8]. Bamboo fibres have great potential as an alternative to inorganic fillers and are raw material for fabricating a composite material, and their applicability is being widely investigated. In addition, it significantly prevented the penetration and movement of water in the composites and resulted in reduced water uptake rates and diffusion coefficients. SEM studies carried out showed a better dispersion of fibre into the PVC matrix due to an increased amount of coupling agents used. We are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including Nobel Prize winners and some of the worlds most-cited researchers. They originate from India where the first polo club was established in 1833. Nath etal. These differences in rhizome systems can be because of their adaptations to climate conditions to which the bamboos belong. Medicine made from the leaves of Pleioblastus amarusis used for treating fever, fidgeting and lungs inflammation [98]. The chemical composition of bamboo is known to be similar to that of wood, but bamboo has a higher content of minor components compared with wood [32]. It is also an essential food for the giant pandas in China because they survive only on bamboos. Bamboo internodes (the part between 2 nodes) of larger diameter bamboo species such as Guadua angustifolia or Dendrocalamus asper are very well suited to make a bamboo beehive. During this pyrolytic process, bamboo is converted to stable charcoal. Besides its role as a raw material for consumer products, bamboo has enormous prospects for industrial utilisation and as industrial raw material. In another study, the effects of alkaline and acetylating agents on the morphology of bamboo fibre-polypropylene were reported [56]. After treatment with 0.5% sulphuric acid solution for 10min and then being emulsified for 5 days, refined bamboo fibre was obtained. The advantages of mechanically processed bamboo fabric are its ramie-like feel, its natural antifungal and antimicrobial properties, its quick moisture absorption and drying capabilities, its ability to stay warm in cool weather and cool in warm weather, its ultraviolet protection, and its anti-static nature. Lee and Wang [70] used lysine-based diisocyanate (LDI) as a coupling agent for polylactic acid/bamboo fibre and poly(butylenes succinate)/bamboo fibre composites which improved their tensile and water resistance properties. Acrylonitrile treatment of bamboo fibre has been reported to improve the tensile, flexural and water absorption properties of acrylonitrile-treated bamboo fibre composites [49]. Bamboo has been used widely utilised in pulp and paper, energy production, chemicals and pharmaceuticals, reinforcement, civil construction, textile, electrical and electronics, agricultural and agro-allied, automobile and medicine. The result indicated that bamboo could be satisfactorily used as an alternative to the various assorted materials that are very common in markets to provide an advantage of cost, as well as easy transportation, handling and laying. Li etal. However, bamboo offers an ecologically viable alternative to timber for construction due to its low-cost and fast growth rate [3]. The liquor-to-bamboo ratio was 20:1. By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers. Pre-treatment of bamboo (Dendrocalamus asper) with dilute sulphuric acid before enzymatic hydrolysis process to produce fermentable sugars has also been investigated [38]. Other bamboo products include bio-methane, flavonoids and functional xylo-oligosaccharides. They prepared two sets of bamboo-epoxy composites, one with silane treatment bamboo mats and the other with silane treatment mercerised bamboo mats. Open Access is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. It is an evergreen, monocotyledonous (i.e. In India, young and tender bamboo shoots are used as a seasonal vegetable in both rural and urban areas [78]. During my last visit home to Canada about a year ago, I noticed a new interesting trend at the time. Bamboo polo balls where made and used during most of the 20th century, as they were stronger than wooden balls. Bamboo is a lignocellulosic biomass from which some value-added products can be obtained. In the Philippines, you can find gigantic bamboo plants deep within the tropical jungles, mountains, and even near the rice paddies. In Central America, Bambusa vulgaris poles were used for many years to prop bananas for United Fruit. Bamboo charcoals are multi-functional materials pyrolysed from bamboo under anaerobic conditions. The silane-treated bamboo fibre-reinforced polylactic acid composite showed excellent mechanical and thermal properties compared with the properties of polylactic acid composite containing delignified BF. It is widely distributed in the world with China as the most extensive bamboo-producing country [9], having a global export volume of 57.3% in 2009 [10] as shown in Table 1. Many researchers have worked on the physical, mechanical and thermal behaviour (weathering behaviour, % water uptake, % thickness swelling and thermal stability), morphology properties and impact test of bamboo fibres reinforced novolac resin composites prepared using mercerised bamboo fibres. Bamboo is used to make musical instruments for thousands of years, probably as a percussion instrument at first, but later also for wind instruments and stringed instruments. It has been found out that from 4 tons of bamboo nearly 1 ton of pulp is produced which is utilised in different furnishes for production of paper and board [78]. Bamboo has been known to find large applications for both food and non-food industries. Alkali hydrolysis is a conventional technique. Bamboo shoot is one vegetable that is free in pollution, low in fat and high in edible fibre and rich in mineral. The burnt roots of this species are used to treat ringworm, bleed gums and painful joints. [101] found that the use of bamboo (B. vulgaris) of predetermined lengths and diameters as a field drainage material was found effective. Other bamboo furniture products are beds, cupboard, table, upholstery chairs [75], ply bamboo, laminated bamboo, mat ply bamboo, curtains ply bamboo, laminated bamboo strips, mat curtain plywood, bamboo chipboard, floor tiles and composites. Everything in between is possible with bamboo!". The treatment of bamboo strips with low molecular weight phenol formaldehyde (LMwPF) resin followed by pressing at 140C improved the dimensional stability and strength properties of the strips. The high contents of starch and cellulose, 7085% of the stem, have given bamboo an advantage as an alternative source of alcohol production. Artists of this continent have refined techniques that qualify these products to exigent markets. After their unique premium sound system made from bamboo charcoal, bamboo fibre and resin, Lexus has now revealed their newest invention: the Bamboo Steering Wheel! In another interesting study reported by Kumar and Kumar [50], alkali treatment of bamboo fibre further increased the tensile and flexural strength of bamboo-epoxy nanocomposites by 60 and 42%, respectively, as compared to pure composites. Bamboo paper has the same quality with paper made from wood. Irrigation and drainage pipes, flooring & floor covering, lamination of strip (plywood), decking, bamboo scaffolding and cladding, engineered bamboo flooring products, high-density beams and panels, composite board, particle board, bamboo prefabricated house. However, a great deal of research and technical work has been devoted to the use of natural plant fibre. It is also given internally for treatment of bronchitis, gonorrhoea and fever. [21] reported that bio-ethanol production from bamboo can also follow the general process for ethanol production from other lignocellulosic materials, which including pre-treatment, enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation. With over 1200 species and 70 genera, bamboo are found in natural forests, semi-exploited stands and vast plantations globally in an area of more than 14 million ha. 5 Day Visit Ajanta, Ellora & Temple tour. With the application of correct treatment, suitable fibres can be extracted from bamboo for various purposes. Dilute phosphoric acid pre-treatment of bamboo was also studied for producing dissolving pulp for textile utilisation [74]. One pot synthesis generated the coupling agents. Properties such as appearance, strength and hardness combined with its rapid growth rate and capacity for sustainable harvesting have made bamboo an attractive substitute in different industrial sectors and these have successively created great opportunities for its development [3]. Its based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. Bamboos do not break easily, and its original shape is regained when the load subjected to it is removed. [33] in their studies reported the chemical composition of bamboo fibre as shown in Table 4. Tea made from the bamboo leaf is rich in silica, which is important in bone and other rigid tissue health. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The Japanese have used the leaves of bamboo as fodder for livestock for hundreds of years. Traveler | Ex-pat | Failing polymath | Career generalist | Frumpy snarky dude whos interested in far too many topics | PB&T creator | Top 1000 Writer. In China, it is the valuable raw material for the booming bamboo industry. Other applications include for purification of waters, soils and sediments contaminated by PAHs; for environmental protection and architectural decorations [91] and as conductor and fuel [14]. The use of bamboo fibres as reinforcement in composite materials has been immensely amplified with high-tech revolution in recent years. The aboveground biomass of bamboo in the Philippines was first reported as 146.8Mgha1year1 (Suzuki and Jacalne [119]). Natural plant fibres have unequivocally contributed to economic prosperity and sustainability in our daily lives [1]. A total of 40 of the 43 species found in Africa are majorly distributed in Madagascar while the remaining 3 species are found in mainland Africa. Kumar etal. It is a delicacy in Asia. Figures of nutrient contents of Bambusa vulgarisshow it to contain crude protein (10.1g), crude fibre (21.7g), ether extract (2.5g), ash (21.3g), phosphorous (86mg), iron (13.4mg), vitamin B1 (0.1mg), vitamins B2 (2.54mg) and carotene (12.3mg)/100g). The use of alkali hydrolysis has been majorly to remove the amorphous regions that are responsible for low resistance to fungus attack in the fibre. Currently, corrugated pipes are frequently used, although clay and concrete pipes are still being used as well. The list of musical bamboo instruments is indeed very long and include xylophones, rainsticks, marimbas, angklung, castanets, drum sticks, zithers, slit drums, chimes, maracas, guitars, ukuleles, violins, Chapman sticks, pan flutes, didgeridoos, pipe organs, saxophones, clarinets, kazoos, whistles, trumpets, and piccolos just to name a few. The morphological characteristics of bamboo fibres give paper made from bamboo a high tear index [97]. A popular saying is that every bamboo forest hides the instruments for a whole orchestra. In many overpopulated regions of the tropics, certain bamboos supply the one suitable material that is sufficiently cheap and plentiful to meet the great need for economical housing [103]. These materials are very expensive, not readily available, require a high degree of maintenance and pollute water, which they convey due to the pipes constituents. This resulted in significant improvements in both the static and dynamic mechanical properties of the composites by the improved interfacial adhesion. Different authors have investigated different species and bamboo parts. It functions well in removing sputum, enhancing digestion, relieving toxicity, improving dieresis and it is frequently used for healing swollen tissues or oedema and abdominal disease in which watery fluids collect in cavities or body tissues [76]. Bamboo vegetable, bamboo edible shoots, bakery products, diary products, meat and aquatic products, Hardware for electronics, wrist watches, chains, fan blades, Ornamental plants, bamboo livestock feeds, Department of Industrial Chemistry, Ekiti State University, Ado Ekiti, Nigeria. The use of drainage pipes made of various assorted materials is very common in our markets [101]. Its often one of the first questions people ask when they are starting to learn about this amazing plant. Table 5 shows some typical bamboo species and parts used for this purpose [78]. Its use varies from domestic household products to industrial applications, from medicine to nutrition and from toys to aircraft production. Marco Polo was the first to reveal the domestic value and importance of bamboo to the Western World trough his historic travels in Asia. At present, there are about 3000 companies around the world that are engaged in the production of various bamboo-based products [77]. Sign up with your email address to receive news and updates. Table 5 shows some typical bamboo species and parts used for this purpose. As an Amazon Associate, we may earn commissions from qualifying purchases made through links on this website.