Capsules containing 500 mg of bergamot polyphenol fraction with 50 mg of ascorbic acid were encapsulated for the study. Dyslipidemia is an important risk factor for the development of atherosclerosis and eventual coronary artery disease. Mild side effects. Marotta SM, Giarratana F, Parco A, Neri D, Ziino G, Giuffrida A, Panebianco A. Patients were enrolled in the study with mixed hyperlipidemia defined as LDL cholesterol > 120 mg/dl and triglycerides > 175 mg/dl, and serum glucose > 110 mg/dl. University of Minnesota Taking Charge of Your Wellbeing: How Do I Choose and Use Essential Oils?, FDA: "Tips for Dietary Supplement Users. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the government site. At least 95% of published reviews are verified reviews, Top 1% trending shops that obtained and published the most verified reviews in the last 30 days, Top 5% shops that obtained and published the most verified reviews of all time, We use cookies to improve your experience, analyze site traffic and send targeted advertisements. This is significant because HDL is often difficult to increase apart from lifestyle changes. The results of this study suggest a combination of rosuvastatin and BPF were safe when taken together for 30 days. The renal protective properties of bergamot juice were tested in rats receiving a hyperlipidemic diet [22]. An official website of the United States government. about navigating our updated article layout. Tranchida PQ, Presti ML, Costa R, Dugo P, Dugo G, Mondello L. High-throughput analysis of bergamot essential oil by fast solid-phase microextraction-capillary gas chromatography-flame ionization detection. Studies using naringin, neoeriocitrin and rutin reported them to have antioxidant activity in in vitro antioxidant models by beta-carotene-linoleic acid, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH), superoxide, and hamster low-density lipoprotein (LDL) [17]. C-glucoside flavonoids identified in bergamot include apigenin 6,8-di-C-glucoside, diometin 6,8-di-C-glucoside, lucenin2, vicenin2, stellarin2, lucenin240methyl ether, scoparin, and orientin 40methyl ether; Flavone Oglycosides identified in bergamot include brutieridin, melitidin, rhoifolin 40Oglucoside, chrysoeriol 7Oneohesperidoside40Oglucoside, diosmin, rhoifolin, chrysoeriol 7Oneohesperidoside, narirutin, and neodiosmin. It is also grown in southern France[10] and the Ivory Coast for the essential oil and in Antalya in southern Turkey for its marmalade. Consistently in all of the clinical trials bergamot appeared to be well tolerated with studies ranging from 30 days to 6 months. Bergamot, brutieridin, melitidin, cholesterol, antioxidant. Naringin-inhibited-cholesterol also induced elevation of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in endothelial cells. Gliozzi M, Walker R, Muscoli S, Vitale C, Gratteri S, Carresi C, Musolino V, Russo V, Janda E, Ragusa S, Aloe A, Palma E, Muscoli C, Romeo F, Mollace V. Bergamot polyphenolic fraction enhances rosuvastatin-induced effect on LDL-cholesterol, LOX-1 expression and protein kinase B phosphorylation in patients with hyperlipidemia. control group) 2) naringin and 3) lovastatin [18]. The juice tastes less sour than lemon, but more bitter than grapefruit. [citation needed], Bergamot fruit or oil contains flavonoids, such as neoeriocitrin, naringin, neohesperidin, ponceritin, melitidin, mitrocin, miriflin, brutieridin, and bergamottin. An in vivo study evaluated the impact of bergamot on injured blood vessels following angioplasty in rats [20]. Pre-treatment of rats with the non-volatile fraction of bergamot reduced free radical formation and Lectin-like oxyLDL receptor-1 (LOX-1). Scientists have found that bergamot might protect the joints in people taking aromatase inhibitors as part of cancer treatment. Several constituents including naringin, neoeriocitrin, and rutin from the bergamot have been reported to lower the oxidation of LDL particles. The bergamot fruit also contains flavonoids that include neoeriocitrin, naringin and neohesperidin among many others that have been of interest for their cardiovascular benefits. Learn more PMC legacy view Regarding the mechanism of action there are several possible mechanisms that may be responsible for improving cholesterol lab values including activation of AMPK and inhibition of pancreatic cholesterol ester hydrolase (pCEH). Summary of clinical trials using bergamot for hypercholesterolemia. [15] Bergamot is one of the most common "casings" (flavorings) added to Swedish snus, a form of smokeless tobacco product. Placebo tablet had no active ingredient, 77 (n=15 received placebo, n=16 received low Rosuvastatin, n=16 received high Rosuvastatin, n=15 received BPF, n=15 received BPF + Rosuvastatin). 2005 - 2019 WebMD LLC. Known to be photocarcinogenic since 1959,[21] the substances nonetheless were used in tanning activators until 1995,[22] contributing to many cases of melanoma and death. The authors do not declare any conflicts of interest, National Library of Medicine Gattuso G, Barreca D, Gargiulli C, Leuzzi U, Caristi C. Nogata Y, Sakamoto K, Shiratsuchi H, Ishii T, Yano M, Ohta H. Flavonoid composition of fruit tissues of citrus species, Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry. These results show that 14 days of consecutive administration of bergamot oil antagonized the effects of smooth muscle cell proliferation and neointima formation in the rat carotid artery following angioplasty. Results presented in % SEM; mean values for cohorts were not provided. Synergistic in vitro antioxidant activity and observational clinical trial of F105, a phytochemical formulation including Citrus bergamia, in subjects with moderate cardiometabolic risk factors, Canadian journal of physiology and pharmacology. Initial measurements were averaged from all patients. Children have experienced more serious side effects from taking bergamot, including seizures and death. In 6 patients treated daily with 500 mg and in 11 patients taking 1000 mg of BPF, a moderate gastric pyrosis was observed. Although generally too sour to eat on its own, its been part of the Mediterranean diet since the early 18th century. A study by Sui et al revealed that naringin activates AMPK altering the expression of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs), and low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) [27]. An essence extracted from the aromatic skin of this sour fruit is used to flavour Earl Grey and Lady Grey teas,[9] as well as confectionery (including Turkish delight). Dyslipidemia is evidenced by increased concentrations (i.e. Blood sugar issues. Miceli N, Mondello MR, Monforte MT, Sdrafkakis V, Dugo P, Crupi ML, Taviano MF, De Pasquale R, Trovato A. Hypolipidemic effects of Citrus bergamia Risso et Poiteau juice in rats fed a hypercholesterolemic diet. The main flavonoids identified in the present study were 1) neoeriocitrin (370 ppm), 2) naringin (520 ppm), and 3) neohesperidin (310 ppm). Oxidation of low-density lipoprotein particles is a harmful form of cholesterol that results from free radical damage. Taken together, these early clinical trials along with the mechanistic studies that have been performed suggest that bergamot can reduce total cholesterol and LDL-C through mechanisms that are distinct from current pharmaceutical approaches. This enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of sterol esters into sterols and fatty acids. Pancreatic cholesterol ester hydrolase (pCEH) represents an additional target in disrupting cholesterol synthesis. The animal feed included cholesterol, 2%; sodium cholate, 2%; vitamin mixture, 2%; oligoelements, 0.2%; salt mixture, 5.8%; coconut oil, 20%; cellulose, 4%; sucrose, 44%; casein, 5%; drakettprotein, 15%. These results were further confirmed in HepG2 cells that were exposed to naringin. Along with the inhibition of cholesterol synthesis, there are known dose related side effects shown in estimates as high as 22% of patients utilizing statins, including liver disease or severe myopathy [9, 10]. Achieved an all-time record of 100 published verified reviews within one calendar month. There hasnt been enough research yet to confirm the results, and theres no conclusive evidence that it can help with depression in other populations. The bergamot is a citrus fruit native to southern Italy. A second outcome that was measured included the pharmacokinetics of key flavonoids found in bergamot including naringin, naringenin, and naringenin glucuronide. An essential oil diffuser filled with water. Values represent mean change. [23], As of 2017, clinical research conducted on bergamot oil has been of poor quality, with no conclusions about its possible biological effects. The results revealed that naringin significantly reduced fatty streak formation and macrophage infiltration in endothelial cells. TG and HDL-C) is that bergamot preparation, extraction, and standardization varied in several studies. The extract (i.e. A reduction of total cholesterol (7.3%), LDL cholesterol (10%), and apolipoprotein B (2.8%) was observed. Johnson is supported by an NIH MERIT award (R37CA227101). Address: Jeremy J. Johnson, PharmD, PhD, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Pharmacy MC886, Department of Pharmacy Practice Room 164, Chicago Illinois, 60612. It may also help to increase good HDL cholesterol and has the potential to be an effective supplement to cholesterol drugs. ", Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand = Chotmaihet Thangphaet: Effect of Inhaling Bergamot Oil on Depression-Related Behaviors in Chronic Stressed Rats., Taehan Kanho Hakoe Chi: Effects of Aroma Hand Massage on Pain, State Anxiety and Depression in Hospice Patients with Terminal Cancer., Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice: The effects of clinical aromatherapy for anxiety and depression in high risk postpartum women A pilot study., The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine: Effectiveness of aromatherapy massage and inhalation on symptoms of depression in Chinese community-dwelling older adults., Integrative Food, Nutrition and Metabolism: Clinical application of bergamot (Citrus bergamia) for reducing high cholesterol and cardiovascular disease markers., University of California Riverside Citrus Variety Collection: Bergamot sour orange hybrid.". Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies In addition, naringin was found to be hepatoprotective while lovastatin was not found to be hepatoprotective. Studies have shown that an aromatherapy blend that includes bergamot may help with depression symptoms in older adults, people with terminal cancer, and women who are at high risk of postpartum depression. will also be available for a limited time. Bergamot decreased cIMT from 1.2 mm 0.4 to 0.9 mm 0.1 (p < 0.0001). Leopoldini M, Malaj N, Toscano M, Sindona G, Russo N. On the inhibitor effects of bergamot juice flavonoids binding to the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGR) enzyme. F105) was formulated with apple fruit extract, bergamot fruit extract, blueberry fruit concentrate, capsicum fruit, grape seed extract, grape skin extract, green tea leaf extract, mangosteen pericarp extract, olive leaf extract, and turmeric root & rhizome extract in a number of ratios beginning with 8.5%, 70.4%, 1.4%, 1.4%, 1.4%, 1.4%, 4.2%, 1.4%, 1.4%, and 8.5% representing F105, respectively. The bergamot polyphenol fraction decreased total cholesterol from 262 to 196, LDL cholesterol from 175 to 116, and triglycerides from 252 to 170. No significant differences existed between the two different formulations of bergamot in this clinical trial. Citrus bergamia is sometimes confused with (but is not the same as): Citrus medica citron, the yellow fruit of which is also known as etrog; or Citrus limetta, the "sweet lemon" or "sweet lime". This key intermediate in cholesterol metabolism is essential for de novo cholesterol synthesis. Qu H, Meng YY, Chai H, Liang F, Zhang JY, Gao ZY, Shi DZ. [18][19][20] This is a property shared by many other citrus fruits and other members of Rutaceae, including rue. Citrus bergamia has also been classified as Citrus aurantium subsp. The subjects received 150 mg of bergamot flavonoids (standardized to contain 16% neoeriocitrin, 47% neohesperidin, and 37% naringin) daily for 6 months. However, it should be noted that each patient can serve as their own control since cholesterol was quantified prior to bergamot and at the completion of the study. Navarra M, Ferlazzo N, Cirmi S, Trapasso E, Bramanti P, Lombardo GE, Minciullo PL, Calapai G, Gangemi S. Effects of bergamot essential oil and its extractive fractions on SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cell growth. WebMD does not provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Further research beyond 30 days would be needed to determine if rosuvastatin and BPF can safely continue to be taken in combination. HMG-CoA reductase is the rate controlling enzyme in the mevalonate pathway that is responsible for cholesterol synthesis. The Stazione Sperimentale per le Industrie delle Essenze e dei Derivati dagli Agrumi (Experimental Station for Essential Oil and Citrus By-Products) located in Reggio di Calabria, was the quality control body for the essential oil Bergamotto di Reggio Calabria DOP. Citrus bergamot is commercially grown in southern Calabria (province of Reggio), southern Italy. Three of the studies suggested an increase in HDL by up to 4 mg/dl (Table 1). Disruption of this reaction can significantly improve the serum lipid profile in hyperlipidemic patients. All Rights Reserved Design & Developed By:: RINJAcom, For enquary We can help:: +233 (0) 24-611-9999. Mollace V, Ragusa S, Sacco I, Muscoli C, Sculco F, Visalli V, Palma E, Muscoli S, Mondello L, Dugo P, Rotiroti D, Romeo F. The protective effect of bergamot oil extract on lecitine-like oxyLDL receptor-1 expression in balloon injury-related neointima formation, Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology and therapeutics. Risitano R, Curro M, Cirmi S, Ferlazzo N, Campiglia P, Caccamo D, Ientile R, Navarra M. Flavonoid fraction of Bergamot juice reduces LPS-induced inflammatory response through SIRT1-mediated NF-kappaB inhibition in THP-1 monocytes. Musolino V, Gliozzi M, Carresi C, Maiuolo J, Mollace R, Bosco F, Scarano F, Scicchitano M, Maretta A, Palma E, Iannone M, Morittu VM, Gratteri S, Muscoli C, Fini M, Mollace V. Lipid-lowering effect of bergamot polyphenolic fraction: role of pancreatic cholesterol ester hydrolase, Journal of biological regulators and homeostatic agents. [17] Bergamot is a major component of the original Eau de Cologne composed by Jean-Marie Farina at the beginning of the 18th century in Germany. Serious side effects are more likely when children consume a lot of bergamot oil. Patients were randomized into three groups as follows: 1) placebo (n=20) 2) bergamot polyphenol fraction (n=20) and 3) bergamot polyphenol fraction phytosomal formulation (n=20). Di Donna L, De Luca G, Mazzotti F, Napoli A, Salerno R, Taverna D, Sindona G. Statin-like principles of bergamot fruit (Citrus bergamia): isolation of 3-hydroxymethylglutaryl flavonoid glycosides. Even if you dont have diabetes, bergamot could make it harder for doctors to control your blood sugar during surgery.